REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST I908 35 



1899 Hutt, H. L. Ent. Soc. Out. 29th Rept. 1898. p. 99-100 



A summarized account of the life history and habits _of the house fly, with mention of 

 a few a ^ ociated species 



1899 Nuttall, G. H. F. On the Role of Insects, Arachnids and Myria- 

 pods as Carriers in the Spread of Bacterial and Parasitic Diseases of 

 Man and Animals, a Critical and Historical Study. Johns Hopkins Hosp. 

 Rep't, 8:1-152 



Concludes that the evidence that flies transmit anthrax is not above question. Grants 

 that flies are important agents in conveying cholera and assumes that the evidence_relating 

 to the dissemination of this disease could safely be applied to typhoid fever. Flies ingest 

 and pass tubercular bacilli. An exhaustive examination of the evidence relating to the 

 dissemination of a number of diseases. An extended bibliography is given. 



1899 Reed, Walter. War Dep't An. Rep't, p. 627-33 



Major Reed reporting on the local epidemics of typhoid fever in the 8th cavalry and isth 

 infantry encamped near Porto Principe in February and March 1899, after detailing the 

 conditions existing in the camps, states that the outbreak " was clearly not due to water 

 infection, but was transferred from the infected stools of patients to the food by means of 

 flies, the conditions being especially favorable for this manner of dissemination." 



1899 Veeder, M. A. The Relative Importance of Flies and Water 

 Supply in Spreading Disease. Med. Record, 55:10-12 



Flies are responsible for such typhoid and other intestinal diseases as occur in small 

 neighborhood epidemics extending in short leaps from house to house, without reference to 

 water supply or anything else in common. Epidemics spread by flies tend to follow the 

 directions of prevailing warm winds. In villages and camps where shallow open closets 

 are used, giving free access of flies to the chief source of infection, the flies are the most 

 important carriers. These diseases are therefore usually fly-borne in villages and camps. 

 The burial of typhoid infected matter in the ground is no protection against flies. On the 

 contrary it actually perpetuates it in the locality from year to year. 



1900 Howard, L. O. A Contribution to the Study of the Insect Fauna 

 of Human Excrement. Wash. Acad. Sci. Proc. 2:541-600 



A detailed study^of^thejnsects breeding in human excrement, with special reference to the 

 house fly and its part in disseminating typhoid fever. Unquestioned evidence is submitted 

 to show that this insect may breed in human excrement, and the following conclusions from 

 a paper read by Dr Vaughan before the American Medical Association at Atlantic City, 

 N. J. June 6, 1900, are quoted. 



27 Flies undoubtedly served as carriers of the infection. 



My reasons for believing that flies were active in the dissemination of typhoid may be 

 stated as follows: 



o Flies swarmed over infected fecal matter in the pits and then visited and fed upon the 

 food prepared for the soldiers at the mess tents. In some instances where lime had recently 

 been sprinkled over the contents of the pits, flies with their feet whitened with lime were 

 seen walking over the food 



b Othcers whose mess tents were protected by means of screens suffered proportionately 

 less from typhoid fever than did those whose tents were not so protected. 



c Typhoid fever gradually disappeared in the fall of 1898, with the approach of cold 

 weather, and the consequent disabling of the fly. 



It is possible for the fly to carry the typhoid bacillus in two ways. In the first place fecal 

 matter containing the typhoid germ may adhere to the fly and be mechanically transported. 

 In the second place, it is possible that the typhoid bacillus may be carried in the digestive 

 organs of the fly and may be deposited with its excrement. 



1900 Reed, Walter, Vaughan, V. C, & Shakespeare, E. O. Abstract 

 of Report on the Origin and Spread of Typhoid Fever in the U. S. 

 Military Camps During the Spanish War of 1898. Washington, Gov- 

 ernment Printing Office 



1901 Fletcher, James. Can. Ent. 33:84-88 



A review of Dr Howard's paper entitled: A Contribution to the Study of th* Insect Fauna 

 of Human Fxcretneni, and giving the more important conclusions resulting from the 

 investigation. 



