Buildings and Yards. 533 



sides of the reservoir should slope outward so that if the water freezes 

 it will not crack the cement. An arch of cement or stonework makes the 

 best kind of cover for such a reservoir. 



Tanks out-doors in exposed places may be protected from freezing 

 by covering with a double cover and providing a dead-air space. If the 

 heat is not allowed to escape from the surface of the water, freezing is 

 much less likely to occur. If the covering is not sufficient protection, a 

 box may be built around the tank large enough to allow a packing of saw- 

 dust six to eight inches thick on all sides. Galvanized iron tanks should 

 always be protected in this way if they are in places where freezing is 

 likely to occur. Another way to protect outside tanks is by a small 

 heater, which may be purchased for about $2.50. This is put in a safe 

 place below the tank and is so arranged that the heat from a large lamp 

 keeps the water circulating all the time. When the surroundings are such 

 that the water would not be contaminated, protection is often secured 

 by allowing the overflow from the tank to go back into the well from 

 which it is pumped and keeping the water flowing continuously. 



Windinills 



In order to be practicable, windmills should stand at least ten feet 

 above all obstructions that are within a distance of three hundred feet. 

 The black or ungalvanized towers give best satisfaction because they can 

 be painted. Paint will not stick to the galvanized iron and in a short time 

 some of the galvanizing is likely to come off and leave unprotected places. 

 A windmill with an eight-foot wheel will lift water twenty-five to fifty 

 feet and supply water through the average wind, providing a tank capacity 

 of one barrel per animal is allowed per cow or horse, or one barrel for 

 eight sheep. If used for house, an amount equivalent to that used by the 

 barn should be provided. 



Taking care of the zvaste 



Waste water should be conducted to a cesspool situated at least one 

 hundred feet from buildings. A hole eight to ten feet square and six to 

 seven feet deep may be dug in the ground and filled with cobble stones. 

 If possible it should be located on a gravel knoll. If hard-pan is nearer 

 surface of ground than eight feet, stop before reaching it, inasmuch as 

 a hole dug in this will only form a basin to catch the sewage. Dry wells 

 may be made by digging a hole and stoning up like a well, providing 

 soil is open enough so that water will drain away as fast as it will need 

 to run into the well. A trap should be provided in the pipe leading 

 from each sink and closet, to prevent the escape of odors from cesspool 

 or well, and especially from pipe leading from house to cesspool. 



