I\o. 6. DEPAUTMEiN T OF AGRICULTURE. 433 



rough boards aie used lor the false aieh, and gravel aod cement are 

 mixed togelher and simply put in. The width for a 0-iuch culvert 

 would be about 12 iuchus at the bottom, sloping up to about inches 

 at the top, then the false work can be taken awayj it is left until it 

 sets and there is a culvert which will not require any future repairs. 



We use the best material for covering or surfacing the road that 

 is available in the municipality. Very often this material is not of 

 the very hardest nature, but it is cheaper to use that material atid 

 CO spend a little more in annual maintenance than it would be to 

 freight material for a long distance, especially where the freight 

 rates are very high. A road should be constructed of the very 

 best material and after that it should be maintained and never al- 

 lowed to get out of repair. It is one thing to build a road and 

 another thiiig to provide for its proper maintenance, but that should 

 be part of your plan. Where lield stones and quarry rock are to be 

 found we use crushing machines similar to those on the construction 

 trains. These crushers prepare the material in four different sizes, 

 ranging from two and one-half inches down to stone dust. Usually 

 on the principal roads we put down a layer of the coarsest stone in 

 the bottom, the next size on top of that, the finer on top of that, and 

 surface or finish it with the fine material. On much-traveled roads 

 we make the depth ten inches in the centre and seven on the side. 

 That is made up of seven inches of the coarest stone in the bottom, 

 two inches iii the next course, and one in the next, and the stone 

 dust is placed over that. This is thoroughly and completely rolled 

 in order to get a proper surface. Each layer is rolled and the final 

 layer is rolled until the whole is thoroughly packed. It should be 

 sprinkled with a watering cart in connection with the rolling. 



This is a simple plan of construction. The width of our roads 

 varies according to the requirements, our narrowest roads usually 

 having ten feet of macadam. Where material can be obtained within 

 a mile and a half of the work, these roads cost us thirty-five cents per 

 square yard. Then a regular system is adopted to maintain them. 

 That matter should be placed in the hands of regular and competent 

 men. In order to bring about all this work, prepare this material, 

 and make this road, it is highly necessary that you should provide 

 raachinerj' and the latest and most modern instruments for doing 

 the work. It is just as useless and foolish to atteuikpt to build a 

 good road by using the old plow, scraper, etc., the implements of 

 twenty-five years ago, as it would be to attempt to erect a structure 

 like this magnificent building by using a hammer and a bucksaw. It 

 matters not what a man's knowledge of road building may be, with- 

 out good tools he can not do good work. You may place me io 

 charge of some of the roads where the old system prevails, and tell 

 28—6—1901 



