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  tanea 
  dentata) 
  : 
  the 
  shagbark 
  {Hicoria 
  ovata) 
  ; 
  the 
  American 
  black 
  

   walnut 
  {Juglans 
  nigra) 
  ; 
  the 
  butternut 
  {Jugla)is 
  cinerea) 
  ; 
  the 
  pecan 
  

   (Hicoria 
  pecan) 
  ; 
  the 
  shellbark 
  {Hicoria 
  laciniosa) 
  ; 
  and 
  the 
  hazels 
  

   {Corylus 
  americana; 
  Corylus 
  rostrata) 
  . 
  The 
  American 
  beechnut 
  

   {Fagus 
  atropunicea, 
  Sudworth) 
  naturally 
  belongs 
  to 
  this 
  list, 
  but 
  as 
  

   it 
  is 
  probably 
  not 
  under 
  cultivation 
  as 
  a 
  nut 
  tree 
  at 
  any 
  place 
  in 
  the 
  

   United 
  States, 
  it 
  will 
  not 
  be 
  discussed 
  at 
  this 
  time. 
  

  

  The 
  principal 
  foreign 
  species 
  which 
  have 
  been 
  tried 
  in 
  the 
  North- 
  

   eastern 
  States 
  are: 
  The 
  European 
  and 
  Japanese 
  chestnuts 
  {Castanea 
  

   sativa 
  and 
  C. 
  japonica) 
  ; 
  the 
  Persian 
  (English) 
  walnut 
  (Juglans 
  regia) 
  ; 
  

   the 
  Japanese 
  walnuts 
  (J. 
  Sieholcliana; 
  J. 
  cordiform/is 
  and 
  J. 
  mands- 
  

   hurica) 
  ; 
  the 
  European 
  hazels 
  {Corylus 
  avellana 
  and 
  ('. 
  tuhulosa). 
  

  

  THE 
  AMERICAN 
  ciiiE,STN\jT 
  {Castanea 
  dentata, 
  Marsh). 
  

  

  Representatives 
  of 
  the 
  American 
  species 
  of 
  chestnut 
  are 
  found 
  

   native 
  to 
  a 
  large 
  area. 
  The 
  species 
  seems 
  to 
  avoid 
  extremes 
  of 
  tem- 
  

   perature, 
  cold, 
  alkaline 
  or 
  acid 
  soils, 
  and 
  an 
  excess 
  of 
  moisture. 
  Jt 
  is 
  

   apparently 
  at 
  its 
  best 
  in 
  the 
  sandy 
  and 
  coarse 
  gravelly 
  soils 
  of 
  the 
  up- 
  

   lands 
  from 
  lower 
  New 
  England 
  to 
  the 
  southern 
  extremity 
  of 
  the 
  Pied- 
  

   mont 
  Plateau 
  in 
  the 
  East 
  and 
  from 
  the 
  extreme 
  southern 
  part 
  of 
  eastern 
  

   Michigan 
  to 
  northern 
  ^Mississippi 
  on 
  the 
  West. 
  

  

  Although 
  the 
  quality 
  of 
  the 
  American 
  chestnut 
  is 
  unapproached 
  by 
  

   most 
  of 
  the 
  foreign 
  species, 
  comparatively 
  little 
  attention 
  has 
  been 
  paid 
  

   to 
  its 
  development, 
  while 
  considerable 
  effort 
  has 
  been 
  directed 
  toward 
  

   the 
  introduction 
  and 
  cultivation 
  of 
  the 
  large 
  European 
  and 
  Asiatic 
  

   species. 
  Comparatively 
  few 
  varieties 
  of 
  the 
  American 
  species 
  have 
  been 
  

   originated, 
  and 
  of 
  these 
  none 
  have 
  been 
  widely 
  disseminated. 
  The 
  one 
  

   variety, 
  which, 
  because 
  of 
  its 
  size, 
  productiveness, 
  and 
  quality, 
  has 
  been 
  

   extensively 
  propagated 
  and 
  widely 
  planted, 
  is 
  the 
  Paragon. 
  This 
  

   variety 
  originated 
  at 
  Germantown, 
  Pa., 
  and 
  was 
  introduced 
  about 
  1888. 
  

   It 
  is 
  believed 
  to 
  have 
  originated 
  from 
  a 
  seed 
  grown 
  from 
  a 
  nut 
  ob- 
  

   tained 
  from 
  a 
  European 
  seedling, 
  then 
  in 
  one 
  of 
  the 
  gardens 
  of 
  Phila- 
  

   delphia. 
  This 
  variety 
  has 
  been 
  propagated 
  very 
  extensively 
  both 
  in 
  

   the 
  nursery 
  and 
  by 
  grafting 
  on 
  native 
  stumps 
  and 
  sprouts 
  of 
  cleared- 
  

   over 
  forest 
  lands. 
  In 
  the 
  nursery 
  it 
  is 
  now 
  chiefly 
  grafted 
  to 
  seedlings 
  

   grown 
  from 
  Paragon 
  nuts. 
  This 
  variety 
  is 
  both 
  precocious 
  and 
  prolific. 
  

   In 
  a 
  25 
  acre 
  orchard 
  of 
  young 
  nursery 
  grown 
  trees 
  planted 
  near 
  Boon- 
  

   ville. 
  Indiana, 
  during 
  the 
  spring 
  of 
  1910, 
  nearly 
  every 
  tree 
  set 
  a 
  num- 
  

   ber 
  of 
  burs 
  during 
  the 
  same 
  season. 
  From 
  two 
  or 
  three 
  to 
  from 
  fifteen 
  

   to 
  seventeen 
  burs 
  had 
  to 
  be 
  removed 
  from 
  each 
  tree 
  in 
  order 
  to 
  prevent 
  

   over-taxation. 
  

  

  Mr. 
  Charles 
  A. 
  Green 
  of 
  Rochester. 
  New 
  York, 
  ]\Ir. 
  E. 
  H. 
  Riehl 
  of 
  

   Alton, 
  Illinois, 
  and 
  Mr. 
  G. 
  W. 
  Endicott 
  of 
  Villa 
  Ridge, 
  Illinois, 
  are 
  the 
  

  

  