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  grubs 
  likely 
  to 
  mature 
  and 
  then 
  be 
  the 
  source 
  of 
  trouble 
  another 
  year. 
  General 
  

   cooperation 
  in 
  the 
  cutting 
  out 
  of 
  infested 
  trees 
  and 
  burning 
  of 
  the 
  bark 
  as 
  indicated 
  

   above 
  will 
  do 
  much 
  to 
  ch.eck 
  this 
  enemy 
  of 
  our 
  hickories. 
  

  

  E. 
  P. 
  FELT, 
  

  

  State 
  Entomologist. 
  

  

  The 
  following 
  Press 
  Notice" 
  was 
  issued 
  by 
  the 
  U. 
  S. 
  Department 
  of 
  Agri- 
  

   culture 
  under 
  date 
  of 
  Nov. 
  15, 
  1911: 
  — 
  

  

  THE 
  DYING 
  HICKORY 
  TREES, 
  — 
  CAUSE 
  AND 
  REMEDY. 
  

  

  Within 
  the 
  past 
  ten 
  years 
  a 
  large 
  percentage 
  of 
  the 
  hickory 
  trees 
  have 
  died 
  in 
  

   various 
  sections 
  throughout 
  the 
  noithern 
  tier 
  of 
  States 
  from 
  Wisconsin 
  to 
  Vermont 
  

   and 
  southward 
  through 
  the 
  Atlantic 
  States 
  to 
  central 
  Georgia 
  and 
  to 
  a 
  greater 
  or 
  

   less 
  extent 
  within 
  the 
  entire 
  lange 
  of 
  natural 
  growth 
  of 
  the 
  various 
  species. 
  

  

  CAUSE. 
  

  

  While 
  tliere 
  are 
  several 
  and 
  sometimes 
  complicated 
  causes 
  of 
  the 
  death 
  of 
  the 
  

   trees, 
  investigations 
  by 
  experts 
  of 
  the 
  Bureau 
  of 
  Entomology, 
  U. 
  S. 
  Department 
  of 
  

   Agriculture, 
  have 
  revealed 
  the 
  fact 
  that 
  the 
  hickory 
  barkbeetle 
  is 
  by 
  far 
  the 
  most 
  

   destructive 
  insect 
  enemy 
  and 
  is 
  therefore, 
  in 
  the 
  majority 
  of 
  cases, 
  the 
  primary 
  

   cause 
  of 
  the 
  dying 
  of 
  the 
  trees. 
  

  

  HOW 
  TO 
  RECOGNIZE 
  THE 
  WORK 
  OF 
  THE 
  BEETLE. 
  

  

  The 
  first 
  evidence 
  of 
  the 
  presence 
  and 
  work 
  of 
  the 
  beetle 
  is 
  the 
  premature 
  dying 
  

   or 
  falling 
  of 
  a 
  few 
  of 
  the 
  leaves 
  in 
  July 
  and 
  August 
  caused 
  by 
  the 
  adult 
  or 
  parent 
  

   beetles 
  feeding 
  on 
  the 
  bark 
  at 
  the 
  base 
  of 
  the 
  leaf 
  stem, 
  but 
  this 
  work 
  alone 
  does 
  not 
  

   kill 
  the 
  trees. 
  

  

  The 
  next 
  evidence 
  of 
  its 
  destructive 
  work 
  Is 
  the 
  dying 
  of 
  part 
  of 
  a 
  tree 
  or 
  all 
  

   of 
  one 
  or 
  more 
  trees. 
  If 
  the 
  trees 
  are 
  dying 
  from 
  the 
  attack 
  of 
  the 
  beetle, 
  an 
  ex- 
  

   amination 
  of 
  the 
  inner 
  bark 
  and 
  surface 
  of 
  the 
  wood 
  on 
  the 
  main 
  trunks 
  will 
  reveal 
  

   curious 
  centipede-like 
  burrows 
  in 
  the 
  bark 
  and 
  grooved 
  on 
  the 
  surface 
  of 
  the 
  wood. 
  

   These 
  are 
  gallei'ies 
  and 
  burrows 
  of 
  the 
  parent 
  beetles 
  and 
  of 
  their 
  broods 
  of 
  young 
  

   grubs 
  or 
  larvae. 
  The 
  girdling 
  effect 
  of 
  these 
  galleries 
  is 
  the 
  real 
  cause 
  of 
  the 
  death 
  

   of 
  the 
  trees. 
  

  

  HABITS 
  OF 
  THE 
  BEETLES. 
  

  

  .-le 
  broods 
  of 
  the 
  beetle 
  pass 
  the 
  winter 
  in 
  the 
  bark 
  of 
  the 
  trees 
  that 
  die 
  during 
  

   the 
  preceding 
  summer 
  and 
  fall. 
  During 
  the 
  warm 
  days 
  of 
  March 
  and 
  April 
  these 
  

   overwintered 
  broods 
  complete 
  their 
  development 
  to 
  the 
  adult 
  winged 
  form, 
  which 
  

   during 
  Ma.\' 
  and 
  June 
  emerge 
  through 
  small 
  round 
  holes 
  in 
  the 
  bark 
  and 
  fly 
  to 
  the 
  

   living 
  trees. 
  They 
  then 
  attack 
  the 
  twigs 
  to 
  feed 
  on 
  the 
  base 
  of 
  the 
  leaves 
  and 
  tender 
  

   bark 
  and 
  concentrate 
  in 
  the 
  bark 
  of 
  the 
  trunks 
  and 
  lai-ge 
  branches 
  of 
  some 
  of 
  the 
  

   living 
  healthy 
  trees 
  and 
  bore 
  thiough 
  the 
  bark 
  to 
  excavate 
  their 
  short 
  vertical 
  egg 
  

   galleries. 
  The 
  eggs 
  are 
  deposited 
  along 
  the 
  sides 
  of 
  these 
  galleries 
  and 
  the 
  larvae 
  

   hatching 
  from 
  them 
  excavate 
  the 
  radiating 
  food 
  burrows 
  which 
  serve 
  to 
  girdle 
  the 
  

   tree 
  or 
  branch. 
  

  

  The 
  following 
  recommendations 
  for 
  the 
  successful 
  control 
  of 
  this 
  beetle 
  are 
  

   based 
  on 
  investigations, 
  experiments 
  and 
  demonstrations 
  conducted 
  by 
  the 
  experts 
  on 
  

   forest 
  insects 
  of 
  the 
  Bureau 
  of 
  Entomology 
  during 
  the 
  past 
  10 
  years. 
  

  

  RECOMMENDATION.S. 
  

  

  1. 
  The 
  best 
  time 
  to 
  conduct 
  the 
  control 
  work 
  is 
  between 
  October 
  1st 
  and 
  May 
  

   1st, 
  but 
  must 
  be 
  completed 
  before 
  the 
  1st 
  to 
  middle 
  of 
  May 
  in 
  order 
  to 
  destroy 
  the 
  

   broods 
  of 
  the 
  beetle 
  before 
  they 
  begin 
  to 
  emerge. 
  

  

  2. 
  The 
  hickory 
  trees 
  within 
  an 
  area 
  of 
  several 
  square 
  miles 
  that 
  died 
  during 
  

   the 
  summer 
  and 
  fall 
  and 
  those 
  of 
  which 
  part 
  or 
  all 
  of 
  the 
  tops 
  or 
  large 
  branches 
  died 
  

   should 
  be 
  located 
  and 
  marked 
  with 
  white 
  paint 
  or 
  otherwise. 
  

  

  .3. 
  Fell 
  the 
  marked 
  dead 
  trees 
  and 
  cut 
  out 
  all 
  dead 
  branches 
  or 
  the 
  tops 
  of 
  the 
  

   remaining 
  marked 
  trees 
  which 
  still 
  have 
  sufficient 
  life 
  to 
  make 
  a 
  new 
  growth 
  of 
  

   branches. 
  

  

  4. 
  Dispose 
  of 
  all 
  infested 
  trunks 
  and 
  branches 
  in 
  such 
  a 
  manner 
  as 
  to 
  kill 
  the 
  

   overwintering 
  broods 
  of 
  the 
  beetles 
  in 
  the 
  bark; 
  (a) 
  by 
  utilizing 
  the 
  wood 
  for 
  com- 
  

   mercial 
  products 
  and 
  burning 
  the 
  refuse; 
  or 
  (b) 
  utilizing 
  the 
  wood 
  of 
  the 
  trunks 
  and 
  

   branches 
  for 
  fuel 
  ; 
  or 
  (c) 
  by 
  placing 
  the 
  logs 
  in 
  water 
  and 
  burning 
  the 
  branches 
  and 
  

   tops; 
  or 
  (d) 
  by 
  removing 
  the 
  infected 
  bark 
  from 
  the 
  trunks 
  or 
  logs 
  and 
  burning 
  it 
  

   with 
  the 
  branches 
  or 
  as 
  fuel. 
  

  

  