lOJ STATE HORTICUI/n KAL SOCIETY. 



an exceptional one anj'way, and so very early in all ways, an additional 

 spray was recommended, through the County Agents, to lessen the 

 likelihood of late injury l)y the worms. In places this was carried out 

 successfully aiul in general the (Uites set schmii to be about right for at 

 least most parts of the State. 



APPLE SEED ('1IAL(;11). 



The apple seed chalcis passes tlie winter inside the apple seed either 

 on the ground or in the stored apples. Late in May the larvae change to 

 pupae, and in June small, wasp-like creatures appear which Qy about 

 and lay the eggs for the next generation. The eggs are laid in the apple 

 when the apple is from one-half to three-fifths of an inch in diameter. 

 The female usually drives her ovipositor clear into the seed, making a 

 discoloration in the fruit which may disappear as the fruit ripens. The 

 blemish appears, in mature fruit, as a black dot, occupying a more or 

 less distinct depression and giving the apple a knotty form. From each 

 of these punctures a brownish line of hardened tissue extends to the core. 



To control destroy all apples left in the orchard. The adults are 

 good fliers. 



TOPIC: CONTROL OF APPLl-: CANKERS. 



DR. G. H. COONS, M.A.C. 



The purpose, so far, has been hurriedly to put before you pictures 

 illustrating the different types of attack that weather and parasites 

 make on apple trees. Bacteria cause fire blight; a fungus causes black- 

 rot canker; there is a canker caused by the effects of drying winds on 

 frozen trees; also a northern canker of fungus nature that comes on im- 

 poverished trees. 



Although since 1915 we have been fighting fire-blight, it is still with us. 

 The control measure to use in the winter time is removal of hold-over 

 cankers and in the summer time, the removal of blighted twigs. Then, 

 as said before, we have this black-rot canker everywhere in every orch- 

 ard and it is impossible to do away with it. The cankered limb ekes out 

 an existence for about five years before it is girdled completely. The 

 last two or three years the limbs are almost worthless because they pro- 

 duce fruit of poor quality. To fight this canker, one needs careful work 

 in pruning. Sound limbs with smooth bark are the only ones that 

 should be left, even though they are smaller than their cankered brothers. 

 Better a small clean limb than a large moribund branch. It is remark- 

 able how such elimination of unfit limbs will clean up an orchard and 

 make black-rot of little importance. To the same extent, it is remarkable 

 how neglect will injure an orchard. 



With reference to the northern canker. The onh- suggestion I can 

 make is to heartil}^ commend the program that is being undertaken now, 

 under the supervision of Secretary Farrand, namely judicious tree feed- 

 ing, giving a close consideration of the principles laid down by Professor 

 Kraus. I wish to point out that, given feeding of the trees, the winter 

 injury will be reduced. My reasons for this recommendation are that 

 I have never seen this particular fungus canker do any damage on a 

 tree that was making the proper growth. 1 have found this almost uni- 



