BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY. 251 



during the fiscal year in two new localities, and much additional 

 knowledge, especially with reference to climatic conditions as affect- 

 ing severity of damage, has been obtained. Numerous localities 

 reported unusual injury to apples about harvest time, from recently 

 hatched larvae producing the so-called " sting,'" and there was con- 

 siderable demand upon the office for local studies of the life history 

 of the insect as well as iiivestigations in orchards to perfect spraying 

 schedules. The "sting" damage to apples in one State was esti- 

 mated to have caused a loss of $2,000,000 and the sum total of 

 injury done by this pest in different regions represents a ATry heavy 

 tax on the apple growers. 



In Colorado, where work is being done in cooperation with the 

 State agricultural experiment station, the life history studies were 

 completed and the work was confined to orchards. In the Grand 

 Valley in this State codling moth losses have always been severe, and 

 many orchardists have been unable to obtain satisfactory control, 

 even by thorough spraying. Study indicates that this was due 

 to lack of co-operation among orchardists thoroughly to spray over 

 a large area. Consefjuently arrangements were made with a number 

 of contiguous orchardists Avhereby they individually agreed to spray 

 according to the dep:utment's recommendations, and thus tr}" out 

 on a large scale the effect of uniformity of spraying operations over 

 hundreds of acres. This prevents the overflow of codling moths from 

 poorly cared-for orchards into well treated orchards, and good re- 

 sults are expected. 



Cooperative work in the Uogue River Valley of Oregon has been 

 continued. The approximate dates when the lar^re of the different 

 broods entei' the fruit have been established, and a sound basis has 

 been gained for a schedule of applications not onl}' for apples but 

 also for pears. 



In the Ozark region in Arkansas similar work has been continued, 

 and has been done cooperatively with the Bureau of Plant Industry 

 on account of the importance of plant diseases in the orchards of 

 that section. It seems probable that in that locality dusting can not 

 be relied upon as a substitute for spraying. There are three full 

 broods of the codling moth in this region and a partial fourth brood. 

 There is a distinct interval between the appearance of the first and 

 second brood larva^, but from that date on they are continuously in 

 the orchards. These life-history studies in this region have been 

 practically completed, and a sound spraying schedule will probably 

 be arranged by the close of the present season. 



Work of this general character has also been carried on coop- 

 eratively in Delaware and in the State of Washington, and at the 

 bureau's laboratory at Wallingforcl, Conn., the codling moth has 

 also been studied. The insect in the latter region is much less 

 troublesome than in the central, southern, and western regions, and 

 it seems likely that a single thorough spraying at the time of the 

 falling of the petals Avill prove sufficient to protect the fruit. 



AiTLE-TREE AND OTHER BORERS. — The work witli the apple-tree and 

 pear-tree borers has practically been completed, and publications wdll 

 shortly be issued. 



Apple plaxt-lice. — Intensive w'ork has been done with these in- 

 sects, especialh' with reference to the exact determination of alter- 



