No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF A&RICULTURE. 457 



aud they came to me as what is kiiowu as the root stocks. Tiiey aie 

 fi-oin cuttings that are rooted. They grow from spring until August. 

 In July or August we insert a bud just above the ground. We take 

 the buds from the varieties we want and put the bud in here at tliis 

 point. The next spring the top of the tree is cut off and we have 

 the tree started witli any variety we wish to grow. This will grow 

 and throw out a few branches the first year. We must keep in mind 

 that we are dealing with a dwarf tree. We want to keep in mind 

 that there are different forms of training these trees. They are 

 trained in all sorts of directions. The trees may be grown in this 

 form on trellises. This is called the espalier system of growing 

 trees. In gardens we can see these trees trained with their branches 

 running out ten feet. They are very attractive and interesting, and 

 it would be well for every family to have in the garden one or two 

 of these trees and let the sons and daughters on the farm have these 

 trees to work with. This type of tree would be of special interest to 

 the young people. There is another form that you can train up. 

 I want to speak along the line of orchard planting. The form which 

 I have adopted is what v.e call the bush form, which reduces the 

 labor. My aim has been to get a tree that will give the largest pos- 

 sible bearing surface. Here we start out with the branches in this 

 form trying to keep the tree in an open or vase form. This system 

 can be easily controlled in its ])runing. Remember that we have 

 here a light rooted tree, aud we must not let the tree get too large 

 in the top. ^^'e made one mistake right in the start. We did not 

 plant the trees deep enough. The point where they, were budded 

 should be under the ground. In the summer when the trees are 

 loaded with fruit, wind storms will blow them over. I am taking 

 these trees up and having them set down deeper. The bud or point 

 of union should go down at least live inches under the surface and 

 then I think they will stand all right. If it occurs I shall not ob- 

 ject to the natural ajipU- throwing out some of its owu roots. We 

 shall still have th(^ influence of the dwarf roots on the trees. By 

 summer pruning we may keep them dwarfed even though roots 

 may start above the bud. There is danger of the trees breaking off 

 if budd.i'd part is set too high. I think if trees are set four inches 

 there would be very little danger with rooting from the apple stock. 

 In my case when I found that we had planted too shallow, we 

 plowed around the trees and banked them up. This is the general 

 line of treatment. I am growing the two types, the Paradise and the 

 Doucin, and the more I learn about these trees the more I become 

 interested. We don't know what we can do in this direction, but 

 my opinion is that we can plant so many more trees to the acre 

 that they will be equal in value to standard. If we can produce a 

 reasonable quantity of high grade apples that will bring higher 

 prices, we shall make just as much money as from standard trees of 



larger t-ize. 



In regard to the distance of planting: My first plan was to 

 plant slandard trees forty feet apart each way, then to iuterplant 

 with tli" Doucin or half dwarf twenty feet and interplanting again 

 with Paradise dwarf at ten feet apart. We can get 430 trees to 

 an acre. In England they {»lant acres of these trees from six to eight 



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