56 



team and he cut down his own overhead by working for me. The 

 work of building the pens and of planting the trees has been done by 

 farm day laborers of the vicinity at times when the local farm crops 

 did not make pressure upon the labor supply. There are many, many 

 weeks each year in that vicinity when I could not have got that labor 

 for any reasonable money and love would probably have done no 

 better. 



In the meantime it should be remen^bered that the field continues 

 to be the cow pasture, on a rented dairy farm. Therefore the nut 

 trees can not be charged with any cost of interest on the land. 



This advantage of getting the substitutes for cultivation attended 

 to for the nut trees at a season when cultivation of other crops does 

 no call for team, equipment, and men, is an important matter that has 

 been too much overlooked. 



This same piece of jihilosophy, namely, efficient utilization of the 

 farm plant, promises to make the marketing of black walnuts another 

 great advantage in farm economics; namely, an odd-time job for 

 rainy days and winter weather. 



A part of the above-mentioned field was planted to pecans by 

 processes that were identical in every respect, except that the pecans 

 were given the lowlands, the walnuts the hills. I might say that in 

 this hill-pasture-walnut orchard I am merely trying to attain what 

 has been attained in one of the most successful nut farms in the 

 northern states of the United States of America — the E. A. Riehl 

 orchard of chestnuts and black walnuts at Godfrey, Illinois, is on 

 the Mississippi bluffs and other broken land that is so steep that 

 plowing is unthinkable and climbing is difficult. - The trees of course 

 would bear more if they could be cultivated but they can not be and 

 they are making crops and profit now. 



The walnut and pecan trees of my planting were nursery trees 

 transferred to a pastured field. The same philosophy of cultivation 

 applies to the fence row tree. At the present time Nature has the 

 habit in most of the eastern United States of raising a great abundance 

 of hickories and walnuts, as well as many other kinds of trees, along 

 fence rows. Millions of them creep up in these positions to a height 



