EXPEEIMENT STATION. 87 



that pure milk never falls,* without this being ia any case so 

 clumsily done as to reveal the cheat at once by analysis, or to 

 disclose the knowledge of it to some one in the neighborhood 

 who would bring it to the notice of interested parties. 



Considering too, that self-interest as well as common honesty 

 would tend to prevent STich fraud in dealings with a company that 

 watched its patrons closely, we cannot do otherwise than accept 

 the majority of these samples as being pure milk. 



In a considerable number of these cases we have seen that the 

 per centage of fat and more especially of solids varies widely 

 from the average per centage in milk as given on page 79. Othei^ 

 have found similar variations. 



W. Fleischmann (Jahresbericht tlber Ag. Chem., 1880, 487), 

 found as the annual average in the morning milk of 4 herds of 

 cows, 4 head in each herd, 11.67, 11.89, 11.97 and 11. 41 per cent, 

 of solids with 3.2, 3.4, 3.4, 3.2 per cent, of fat respectively. The 

 specific gravities were 1.032, 1.031, 1.0318 and 1.0304. In the 

 evening milk of the same cows he found 11.76, 12.2, 11.97, 11.39 

 per cent, solids, with 3.0, 3.4, 3.3, 3.0 per cent, fat, and specific 

 gravities 1.0323, 1.0318, 1,0322, 1.0309. In these cases one analy- 

 sis each of morning and evening mill^ was made every three 

 weeks ; and the cows being under the personal superintendence of 

 the experimenter, the results are perfectly trustworthy. 



Dr. Schmoeger (Milch-Zeitung, 1881, 787), gives the results of 

 extended observations on the yield and quality of milk from a herd 

 of 45 Dutch cattle in Proskau, from October 15, 1878, to March 31, 

 1881. The average yield per head from October, 1878, to Octo- 

 ber, 1879, was 2864 quarts, from October, 1879, to April, 1880, 

 (a half-year) was 1418 quarts, and from April, 1880, to April, 

 1881, was 2973 quarts. The cows were milked 3 times daily: at 

 4 and 11 a. m. and 6 p. m. The observations on the quality of 

 the milk were as follows : 



* For example, the New Jersey State Law declares that milk which contains 

 less than 12 per cent, of solids shall be considered as adulterated. The British 

 Society of Public Analysts have adopted as the minimum proportions of con- 

 stituents in unadulterated milk 11.5 per cent, of solid and 2.5 per cent, of fat. By 

 the New Jersey law, 28 per cent, of the samples of herd milk here analyzed 

 during the year would have been condemned, by the British Society's standard 

 nearly 15 per cent. 



