No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 397 



a second brood. It is probable that both of these alternatives occur 

 in Penusylvauia, some of these insects having two broods each year 

 while others have but one. In cases where there is a second brood 

 the eggs are laid in August or September, and the caterpillars feed 

 as is the case with the spring brood except that a much smaller pro- 

 portion appear to enter the fruit at the blossom end. If the cater- 

 pillars reach full growth before the apples are gathered they leave the 

 fruit and conceal themselves under bark or elsewhere as already de- 

 scribed. If carried in the apples to the bin, however, they find 

 places in which to pass the winter, in crevices of the bin, or any 

 place which may be available, forming pupse there in the spring, 

 like the others. 



Treatment. 



From the life historv above outlined, the best treatments avail- 

 able for this insect are evident. As the majority of the caterpil- 

 lars feed first at the blossom end of the apple, and as these ends face 

 upward at this lime, spraying a few days after the blossoms fall, 

 with Paris green or arsenate of lead, will, if properly done, place a 

 little of the poison in the blossom end between the calyx lobes, just 

 where the caterpillars will begin to feed. This method of treatment 

 has been successful wherever tried. One precaution is necessary, 

 however. The calyx lobes at first stand apart, making a sort of 

 cup into which to spray the poison. After a short time, however, 

 they draw together closing this cup and it is then too late to spray 

 in this manner with success. 



The habit the caterpillar has of crawling down the trunk of the 

 tree and hiding under some loose piece of bark during July, also gives 

 an opportunity for treatment. The bark of the trunk and larger 

 limbs of each tree should be carefully scraped about the twentieth 

 of June, to leave no places under which the caterpillar can hide. 

 Then a band of several layers of paper loosely tied around the trunk 

 will provide a place in which they may gather. If these bands be 

 turned over once a week during July and the first of August, and the 

 caterpillars destroyed, many will be prevented from becoming adult 

 to cause loss later. Birds aid in this work, often regularly visiting 

 these bands and feeding on the caterpillars. 



Fowls in the orchard destroy many of the caterpillars which have 

 fallen to the ground in the fruit; careful cleaning of the apple bins 

 and other places near where apples have been stored, early in the 

 spring, will destroy many more, and if all these methods are made 

 use of, the increased profit from the sales will many times more 

 than pay for the cost and labor involved. 



