PROGRESS OF ANIMALS. 289 



owner passed; secondly, conception? , she conceived her plan 

 of operation ; thirdly, ivillf she willed to pnt her plan in 

 execution ; fourthly, when she had done it once, her memory 

 was brought into requisition, and she remembered how to do 

 it again ; and fifthly, when foiled in her first method of accom- 

 plishing her object, her imagination, or, perhaps, we should 

 better say her inventive genius, was put to the test, and she 

 attained it in another way. Professor Haven insists that the 

 brute never learns anything ; he is mature at birth. A chicken 

 is a hen when first hatched ; the spider spins her lines, the 

 bird builds her nest, the bee constructs her cells, the beaver 

 his dam, and the ant its subterranean arch just as well the 

 first time as ever afterwards. But did not that cow progress 

 somewhat in knowledge after she was a calf? And does not 

 the ox learn to follow the cartway and the furrow, and to 

 obey his owner or driver? 



Take the everywhere-known examples of the horse. He 

 shies the place where he has been affrighted or injured ; he 

 plays the "old soldier" with a timid or inexperienced driver 

 (as I have occasion to recollect), knowing he is not his 

 master. In these he shows both memory and reason. He 

 remembers the scene of danger, and his reason teaches him 

 to avoid it. And also in the latter case he Jcnoivs he need not 

 go fast unless he is pleased to do so, and he ivills that he will 

 not. Then, too, the too-heavily loaded animal, either ox or 

 horse. He tries to take the load along, at the bidding and 

 whip of his "taskmaster," and failing tries again and again, 

 by turns turning his head and trying to make his driver 

 understand that the load is too large, using every persuasive 

 in his power, and would speak if he could, while his less 

 rational master persists. 



Take an illustration from the lamb. It may be a sheep 

 when born, and would ordinarily keep with the wild sheep ; 

 but let the parent sheep die, and some matron or maiden of 

 the household take the little bleater to the door-yard, and 

 nurse and feed it : does it not learn something which it did 

 not know at first about the manner of life and the voice and 

 ways of its friend and protector? And why did a certain cat 

 I once knew take her kittens away up behind a chimney and 

 beyond the ceiling, where no mortal could reach them, and 

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