282 STATE BOARD OF AGEICULTUEE. 



milk enough to support a calf, and now and then one gives no milk at all. 

 Beef and beauty are the all-essentials in the eyes of nine-tenths of tlie modern 

 breeders of short-horns. The butter globules are about from 1-2000 to 1-2500 

 of an inch in diameter, and of uniform size, causing the cream to rise rapidly 

 and churn easily, but is not unusually high colored. The milk averages about 

 sixteen per cent, cream, and is good for butter, cheese, and for marketing. 

 The average weight of a cow is 1,500 pounds. The main objections urged by 

 dairymen against tbis l)reed is a tendency to convert food into fat and flesh 

 rather than into milk. 



The Dutch or Holstein, supposed to have entered largely into the formation 

 of the short-horns, are very large milkers. I quote from Prof. Arnold : ''They 

 possess large frames and vigorous constitutions, derived from the rich feed of a 

 generous soil for successive generations. Average weight about 1,500 pounds, 

 yielding an annual flow of milk of from three and one-half to four times tlieir 

 weight. The milk is rich in casein, and fairly so in butter. The butter glob- 

 ules in their milk are very abundant and uniform in size, but small, and are 

 better adapted to cheese-making and marketing than butter-making. The but- 

 ter stands uji Avell against heat, and is good for long keeping. The uniform 

 smallness of the butter globules in their milk, though they make the cream rise 

 slowly, are a positive advantage in milk for marketing or cheese-making." 



Mr. Garrit S. Miller, of Peterborough, New York, has three imported Hol- 

 stein cows that have given an average of 8,738 pounds of milk per year for the 

 six years that he has owned them. Crown Princess was in milk 1,821 days, 

 and produced 01,112 pounds, — a daily average of 33,50 pounds. The highest 

 daily yield was seventy-six pounds ; her largest annual yield was 14,027 pounds. 



Maid of Twisk, the property of the Unadilla valley breeders' association, 

 gave in 1870, in 192 days, 9,053 lbs. of milk, and in 211 days ending Decem- 

 ber 8, 1870, gave 10,349 lbs. 



Frequently large yields of milk are obtained from native cows, but they, like 

 the short-horns, are uncertain. From the famous Oaks cow was made 470 lbs. 

 of butter in one year, the cow Catskill about as much, and the Vermont cow 

 made 504 pounds in a year ; they were natives. 



The number of cows in the United States in 1870 Avas about nine millions. 

 Probably there are now not far from ten millions. Of these there are estimated 

 to be about one hundred thousand thoroughbreds, and about one million thor- 

 oughbreds and grades. So the common farmer must of necessity depend upon 

 natives for a large share of his cows. The large annual demand for dairy cat- 

 tle must be supplied from every and all sources. There are certain external 

 indications of the capacity for producing milk which are apparent to the dairy- 

 man who is in the habit of filling up his dairy, and he soon becomes so expert as 

 to be seldom deceived. 



A Fine Cow. 



Mr. Mueller, the American Consul at Amsterdam, gives the Dutch idea of a 

 fine cow as follows : 



" A ' heste keo ' must show a finely moulded head ; large nostrils ; thin, trans- 

 parent horns; a clear, bright eye; purely red lachrymal glands; a kind, mild 

 countenance; blue nose; thin neck; free respiration ; fine bones; well formed 

 body, with rather broad hind parts ; straiglit back ; long, thin tail ; round but 

 moderately bent ribs ; developed belly ; stout, yet not heavy legs ; smootli joints ; 

 thin, mellow, movable skin ; soft hair ; delicately haired, broad and drooping 



