FARMEES' IXSTITUTES, 283 



•udder ; four -well formed, dark colored teats ; well developed milk and blood 

 vessels ; vessels on the belly and about the udder to be proportionately broad 

 ^nd vigorous, and of a wen-like swell, and the vessels of the udder and inner 

 hams to be spread net-like ; the opening through which the milk and blood 

 vessels enter the body to be large and roomy. A cow thus formed is also apt 

 to show a perfect escutcheon." 



The common farmer must of necessity, for the present, depend upon natives 

 for a large share of his stock. By selecting his best cows, and resorting to 

 thoroughbred males whose valuable propensities have become permanently 

 established for generations, by breeding for these particular qualities, he can 

 obtain a herd that is nearly as good as tlie thoroughbreds for all practical pur- 

 pose, at a very little cost. 



There is no way in which the milk producer can so readily, cheaply, and 

 safely recruit his dairy as by using the thoroughbred male. Prof. Arnold says : 

 " We have, as a rule, found grades to be better milkers than either side of the 

 .ancestors from which they have descended." S. D. Hungerford, of Adams. N. 

 Y., had a grade Ayrshire that gave 302 pounds of milk in three days ; and Jo- 

 seph Pftrcival, of Waterville, Me., had two Jersey grades whose milk made 965 

 pounds of butter in one year. 



When Ayrshires are crossed on the common stock or with cows having more 

 or less short-horn blood, the grades are generally good milkers, and the objec- 

 tion urged against the breed are modified. Many of our best dairymen insist 

 that a high grade short-horn cow bred to a thoroughbred Ayrshire, gives the 

 best results, and is to be preferred to the thoroughbred Ayrshire for the dairy. 



Jerseys crossed on deep milkers of our native stock or grade short-horns, give 

 good satisfaction in our butter dairies, and are coming more and more into use. 



A cross of Ayrshire and Jersey has not been successful in Scotland, the result 

 in both ways having been to produce a progeny having the inferior points of 

 both breeds. The butter globules in the Jersey milk are the largest, and those 

 in the Ayrshire milk are small. These two types of milk should not be min- 

 gled in the same herd, and it is better to have one or the other type in the same 

 factory. 



The grades resulting from crossing the short-horns on good native cows have 

 a great tendency to milk, are of good size and fatten readily, and perhaps for 

 the farmer of this county who follows mixed husbandry, make the best cow. 



If the farmers of Hillsdale county would take more pains in selecting and 

 retaining their best cows and breeding from thoroughbred males, of whatever 

 ^breed suited to their business, the resulting stock would be increased fifty per 

 cent, in three years. 



The following is an abstract of an address by Dr. A. F. Whelan on the 



"htgieke of domestic akimals." 



I regret to say that my remarks are not reduced to writing. I will indulge 

 in only a few moments' talk on this familiar subject. I have been unable to 

 write an address for this occasion on account of press of business. 



This is a farmers' meeting, and in a meeting of farmers my mind goes back 

 thirty-five years to the time when I was a boy upon a farm in Western TSiew 

 York. I have done many hard days' work on a farm, under a master who 

 practiced farming scientifically. I took an interest in, and studied this subject 

 then. 



Hygiene is defined as that branch of medicine which relates to the preserva- 



