452 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 



ment could not be expected to result from spraying every other variety. Yet the fact 

 remains that the fruit and foliage of many of the varieties grown in New York state 

 pear orchards suffer considerable damage each year from the fungous diseases which 

 may be successfully treated by spraying with the Bordeaux mixture and also from 

 insect foes that may be treated at the same time with Paris green. It is no doubt true 

 that tens of thousands of dollars annually might be saved to the New York pear 

 growers by the universal adoption of the method of treatment which is here shown to 

 be very successful in preventing the depredations of some of the worst insect and 

 fungous enemies of the pear. 



SUMMARY. 



1. Bordeaux mixture containing one pound of copper sulphate to eleven gallons of 

 the mixture was effective in preventing pear scab. 



2. It is still doubtful, whether three treatments are better than two treatments before 

 blooming and after the buds begin to open. 



3. With the three treatments after the blossoms fall, Paris green used against the 

 codling moth may be safely combined with the Bordeaux mixture at the rate of one 

 ounce to eleven gallons of the mixture. 



4. Smce the Bordeaux mixture is a preventative rather than a cure for the pear scab 

 the success attending its use depends very largely on its early and thorough application. 



Mr. Hooker: We thought we saw the effects of the Bordeaux mixture in a russet — a 

 sort of roughening of the skin, and we regarded the treatment objectionable on that 

 account. The roughening showed on the Duchess, but not on the Bartletts. 



Prof, Beach observed a russeting on the skin of the Clairgeau, but attributed it to 

 some other cause than spraying. 



In answer to a question, Prof. Beach said he had not experimented with the ammo- 

 niacal solution for pear troubles, but from what he had learned he was led to believe 

 that Bordeaux mixture was the best. 



Mr. T. S. Hubbard: Do you consider it makes any difference whether the mixture is 

 applied to the upper or under side of the leaf? 



Prof. Beach: Would prefer, of course, to have it applied to both surfaces, but could 

 conceive that spores floating around in the air are more likely to light on the upper 

 surface. In using the Vermorel nozzle you are apt to get some under the leaf when 

 spraying. 



Prof. Bailey: Tell ue something about the condition in which this fungus passes the 

 winter. Do you suppose the first spraying kills the fungus on the twigs? 



Prof. Beach: I do not know how the fungus passes the winter. While the winter 

 treatments have shown some beneficial results, yet I think the first application, when 

 the buds are opening, is early enough for all practical purposes. 



Prof. Bailey: My question is whether these fungicides will kill the spores. 



Prof. Beach: Experiments have shown that certain spores in the presence of a small 

 amount of copper do not germinate, but after being removed to pure water the same 

 spores germinate. I do not know whether the Bordeaux mixture kills the spores of the 

 pear scab or not. 



Mr. J. A. Root: Would an orchard fairly sprayed one season be affected as much 

 another season as one not sprayed? 



Prof. Be\ch: Naturally, I should think not. If you sprayed thoroughly, and kept 

 the fungus under control, it would not be so apt to affect it. In grape vineyards 

 they have found increasing benefits by continuous spraying. In these experiments the 

 sprayed trees were surrounded by unsprayed trees, so that in every instance there was 

 a constant source of infection from the unsprayed trees to the sprayed trees. 



A Member: IE you lose a crop of pears by the fungus this year, would it be possible 

 to have a good crop another year without spraying? 



Prof. Beach: 1 think the fungus is something you cannot prophecy about, and with 

 unfavorable conditions you may get an attack, so that with the amount of fungi we 

 have it is better to spray. Where the unfavorable conditions exist there ismore danger. 

 I nave noticed in low, damp, situations that we are more apt to have it, and it is more 

 apt to spread in cool weather. 



In answer to a question, Prof. Beach said that a strong application of the iron sul- 

 phate for grape anthracnose be applied to vines early in the spring, before the buds 

 open. 



Prof. Green (Ohio): The Bordeaux mixture, when applied more than twice after the 

 fruit is set, is liable to cause a rusty appearance on some varieties of pears, notably 

 Angouleme and Vicar. 



A Member: Put the sul-phate of copper in an old bag or basket and let it go under 

 the surface of the water, and it will dissolve faster than if dropped in a barrel. 



