HORTICULTURE AND LANDSCAPE GARDENING. 147 



Some of the tender exotics, also, may be managed in this way, especially 

 such as make strong growths and bear large or conspicuous leaves. The 

 paulownia and some of the magnolias may be cited as examples. Such 

 plants should be given rich soil and good culture to enable them to make a 

 long growth. 



10. Effects of last wintee. — The last winter was not severe, although, 

 for the most part, it was one of steady cold, especially after the opening of 

 the year. One week alone was severe. The lowest temperatures of this week 

 were as follows: January 7, 26*^ below zero; 8, 34'' below; 9, 1° 

 below; 10th, 5° below; llth, 11° below; 12th, 10° below. Injuries to 

 plants were not great. It is such ordinary winters which give the constitu- 

 tion of plants a good and fair trial, however. If a plant cannot endure such 

 winters, it is unfit for open culture here. I append a few notes upon the 

 condition of sundry plants as they appeared in May, when the winter effects 

 can be unmistakably seen. All the plants here recorded were in prime con- 

 dition when winter set in, except when otherwise stated. They all grew 

 upon thoroughly drained soil. 



Fruit Plants. — Quinces of all sorts, both young and old, on both loam and 

 clay, were killed to the snow. This occurs nere nearly every winter. 

 Morus nigra, black mulberry, on sand, killed back to the snow. 

 Morus alba, white mulberry, on sand, killed back a foot on twigs. 

 Spanish chestnut killed to the ground. Japanese chestnut the same. 



Native plums usually stand well. Some of the pure Chickasaws are too 

 tender, however. Among such, which were killed to the snow, were Robin- 

 son, Caddo Chief, Early Eed and Lone Star. The two latter were from 

 Texas, two trees of each. Among those injured were De Caradeuc, Hattie 

 and Marianna. The Marianna was injured but slightly on the tips, how- 

 ever. It stood the previous winter remarkably well. It appears to be prac- 

 tically hardy. Among the uninjured native plums are Wild Goose, Minne- 

 tonka. Parsons, Forest Garden, Miner, Rollingstone, Itaska, Wolf, Quaker, 

 Wazata, Yosemite, Clinton, Indiana Red, Golden Beauty from Texas, the 

 anomalous Blackman and others. 



Russian apricots behaved singularly. Those on peach stood well except in 

 one wet place, while seedlings of the same age were much injured. The 

 same phenomenon occurred last year. 



Seedling yearling peach trees were killed to the snow. Two-year seedlings 

 were little injured. 



Diamyo, Madam von Siebold and Mikado pears were completely killed; 

 they were injured by the previous winter. Cocklin was killed, one good 

 tree set last spring. Kieffer, on depressed but perfectly drained land, was; 

 killed outright. Two others, older, on higher land, have passed several 

 winters without injury. Comet, Le Oonte, Sha Lea and Suet Lea were also 

 entirely killed. Birket was little if any injured. Dachesse Hybrid, along- 

 side the others, was not injured. 



Nearly all raspberries and blackberries came through the winter in good 

 condition. Of vigorous plants of these two fruits, Cuthbert raspberries were 

 the most injured. Good canes were killed back half their lengths; the canes 

 were very vigorous, however. Turner raspberry canes were nearly destroyed 

 by the winter, but the chief difficulty lay in the weakening effect ot' last 

 summer's drouth, which severely pinched the plants as they were maturing 



