DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY AND ENTOMOLOGY. 171 



ferably whale oil soap, and one quart of water, or one quart of common soft 

 soap and one quart of water. This is heated till the soap is dissolved, when 

 one pint of kerosene oil is added and the whole agitated till a permanent 

 emulsion or mixture is formed. The agitation is easily secured by use of a 

 force pump, pumping the liquid with force back into the vessel holding it. 

 I then add water so that there shall be kerosene in the proportion of one to 

 fifteen. 



On the snow ball we find that this mixture, in the proportion of one to eight, 

 used Just before the plant lice eggs hatch is astonishingly efficient, A twig not 

 treated and one from the same bush that had been treated were each put into a 

 glass bottle in a warm room. In a few days the one bottle was alive with the 

 newly hatched lice, while in the other only one live louse was found. Bushes 

 side by side, the one treated and the other not, gave equally satisfactory 

 results. This early treatment is absolutely necessary in such cases as the 

 snow ball, and is to be recommended on the score of economy in case of 

 nursery stock and fruit trees. It is easier and requires less of the liquid to 

 thoroughly drench a leafless tree than one in full foliage. It is also less 

 difficult to make the application very thorough, which is all important. 

 We have just applied this liquid to orchard trees where the buds were liter- 

 ally covered with lice, and we find the lice totally used up. In counting two 

 hundred one live louse was found. 



We are very pleased to learn that this early treatment is so efficient. As 

 just suggested, this liquid must be applied with energy. If used for the 

 adult lice, or for eggs, or newly hatched lice, and it is not effective, it is only 

 because it is applied too gently. We must use a good force pump and dash 

 the liquid onto the plants so it will scatter everywhere and reach every egg, 

 even though these latter are crowded between the buds and the stem and 

 reach every louse, even though they are sheltered by myriad leaves. Just 

 here is where some will fail; they will sprinkle the liquid gently down, and 

 so not reach one-half the eggs or lice. 



PUMPS. 



A. I. Root, Medina, Ohio, sells a force pump for II. Though not equal to 

 the Whitman, it is excellent for the price, and for a few plants answers 

 fairly well. The Whitman Fountain pump, J. A. Whitman, Providence, R. 

 I., is excellent, and is just the thing for those who have a small yard or a 

 few fruit trees. This costs 16.50 at the factory. 



The Field Force Pump Co., Lockport, N. Y., sells a similar pump which 

 works well, for $2.50, iron, or $3.50 if brass. 



The Nixon pump, Dayton, Ohio, is supplied with a tank and rests on~ 

 casters. It is also supplied with a superior spraying nozzle which throws a 

 very fine spray with great force. This for general use is superior even to the 

 cyclone nozzle, though the latter is preferable for spraying the under side of 

 leaves on low bushes. This pump is very convenient in the garden and in 

 small fruit plantations. Price 115. 



The Field Force Pamp Go. sell a similar garden engine which is supplied 

 with a 40-gallon tank mounted on two strong wheels and furnished with hose 

 and the ''Boss nozzle " for $20. 



For large orchards, the Field Force Pump Co. sells a very excellent two cyl- 

 inder double acting force pump with ''Boss nozzle," combined with Moody's 



