286 ANNUAL REPOliT OF THE Off. Doc. 



brought disrepute on commercially Pasteurized milk and some way 

 must be found to require it properly done or the law must forbid 

 it, as poorly done the user is relying on false security. 



Finally, the best milk is the clean cold raw milk. It can be 

 produced under conditions and at an expense that leaves it within 

 the reach of the great mass of milk consumers, at a fair margin 

 to the producer who uses business methods, studies his cows and 

 has good ones. 



SANITATION ON THE FARM. 



Br Pkof. Wm. U. Owens, Lewlshurg, Pa, 



The word ''sanitation" come from the Latin, meaning "whole." 

 Sanitary conditions, therefore, contribute to wholesomeness, as 

 opposed to sickness. 



Sanitary science is of recent date, for, to a large extent, it deals 

 with a class of plants too small to be seen except through the 

 finest miscroscope. These micro-organisms were first discovered 

 in connection with products from the farm at the close of the Sev- 

 enteenth century. INIan is most ignorant concerning the most num- 

 erous and widely distributed living things on the surface of the 

 •earth. By far the most numerous crop which the farmer raises, he 

 brings to perfection without knowing it. Every cubic foot of air, 

 near the surface of the earth is teeming with plant life. Upon 

 yonder window-pane there is a numerous flora of widely growing 

 plants. The science of sanitation is largely concerned in finding 

 out how to control this plant growth. If the farmer realized thfc 

 importance of these small plants with which he is surrounded, he 

 would adopt measures to encourage the helpful, and hold in con- 

 trol those which work harm. These microscopic plants are called 

 bacteria, germs, microbes, moulds, fungi, etc. The number of kinds 

 has not yet been counted. Their mode of life is somewhat obscure, 

 but there are some points on which we can be almost certain. 



The bacterium is a plant which has no color; it contains no chloro- 

 phyl, and therefore does not need the sunlight to grow; in fact, is 

 often killed by sunlight. Many of them are so small that they can 

 only be seen by the help of tlie best microscopes. It would take 

 50,000 of them placed side by side to make an inch, and 15,000,- 

 000,000, or ten times as many as there are people on earth, are 

 sometimes found in one cubic inch of well-ripened cream. Though 

 they are small, the rapidity with which they multiply makes them 

 assume a place of importance. It has been estimated that if none 

 should die in twenty-four hours, one could multiply to 17,000,000. 

 and in five days there would be enough to fill the oceans. Fortun 

 ately for us, this rate of growth does not keep up very long. They 

 assume various shapes; some are spherical, some cylindrical; some 

 dumb-bell shaped; some have appendages at one end. some at both; 

 others have hairs all over them, while others look like rods. 



One method of increase is by division, in which one divides into 



