328 ANNUAL REPORJ OF THE Off. Doc. 



In order to be successful, the dairyman must know whether any 

 cow is paying for her beep, or not; he must know whether she is 

 producing a sufficient amount to pay for ber keep. If she is not, 

 she must be done away with. This can be done very cheaply and 

 easily by simply weighing the milk, and charging off her keep against 

 the value of the milk. 



Then he must know what th.e consumer wants. Suppose your 

 customer requires milk of 3^ per cent, or 4 per cent, butter fat, 

 and you have a herd of Jersey cows. You are producing for 8 cents, 

 4| per cent, to 5 per cent, of butter fat. That is not economy. You 

 are giving more than you are getting paid for. On the other hand, 

 if you give them only 8| per cent, when they call for 5 per cent 

 and pay for it, you are not giving them full value for their money. 

 Y'ou must first find out what the market calls for, and then pro- 

 duce it. 



In large cities, like Philadelphia, there is used a little less than half 

 a pint of milk per day per capita, but if you look over the average 

 family, you will find that this is not strictly the case. There is 

 always some weak member, or a child, so that the larger part of 

 ^the milk is consumed by the weaker members of th(e family. We are 

 producing milk for the weak, and they have less resistive power 

 than some of us have. That increases tl](e responsibility of the pro- 

 ducer. You know that milk in its original state was never intended 

 I40 be exposed to the air or sunlight. It is produced in the gland 

 of the animal, and when we undtertake to supply the community 

 with this produce, we must endeavor to supply this deficiency and 

 protect it as nearly as possible as it was protected by nature. Know- 

 ing the susceptibility of milk to contamination, we must esercise a 

 great deal of care. We must see that the health of the animal is 

 such that she will produce good, sound milk. If she is diseased 

 in any way, the milk is unfit for usie. The question has been raised 

 as to whether cows suffering from tuberculosis, who do not have 

 infected udder, can produce tuberculosis in man. That is a difficult 

 matter to decide, because there are so many other ways in which 

 infection can get into the milk, as well as from the milk. Suppose 

 an animal has tuberculosis of the lungs. There is usually a little 

 coughing and (expectoration, and this is swallowed. It passes 

 tlirough the alimentary canal, and becomes dry, and probably lodges 

 on the back or sides of the animal. I doubt whether an animal 

 which has a diseased udder can spread tuberculosis more readily 

 than it is spread in this manner. Thte only remedy is perfect clean- 

 liness of the posterior parts of the animal. I notice where the in- 

 spections are made, a record is kept by score cards, with the differ- 

 ent points sietting forth the value of sanitary conditions. For in- 

 stance, the stable counts for so many points; the health of the cow 

 for so many points; the milker for so many points. I notice there 

 that through the faeces is a very frequent source of contamination. 

 Another frequent source is the milker. By his habits — for instance, 

 if he is handling the sides of the cow, and then sets the bucket in 

 place, or 'lets some of the milk pass through his hands into the 

 bucket, he will wash down everything on that cow into the milk. 

 Tliere is no more fertile source of contamination. The clothing of 

 the man, coming from the horse stables, should at least be freshened, 



