finds date from about 600,000 to 400,000 years ago, the 

 period between the Lower and Middle Pleistocene. The 

 Australopithecines possessed many human features in- 

 cluding limbs, teeth and upright posture, but their stature 

 and brains were small compared with those of present- 

 day men. Approximately contemporaneous with these ape- 

 like men there were living the Pithecanthropi of Java and 

 China, and the earliest Neanderthal men in Europe. Re- 

 mains of Pithecanthropus have been found at Trinil (Java) 

 dated about 350,000 years ago, and at Peking (China) of 

 age about 400,000 years. The Pithecanthropi had a big- 

 ger brain and other more advanced features than the Aus- 

 tralopithecines, and they made tools and used them. The 

 earliest Neanderthal man known is Heidelberg man (Ger- 

 many) of which only the jaw has been found: its age 

 is about 400,000 years. The Neanderthalers developed into 

 two types (Middle Pleistocene) known as "primitive" and 

 "progressive", the latter approaching modern man more 

 closely. At Swanscombe (England) remains of a man 

 possibly ancestral to modern man and the more recent 

 Neanderthalers, of age about 200,000 years, were dis- 

 covered, while another discovery at Steinheim (Germany) 

 was of a "progressive" type of Neanderthal man dating 

 perhaps 50,000 years later than the Swanscombe man. 



By the end of the Middle Pleistocene (100,000 years 

 ago) there were thus several types of man in existence, de- 

 riving from the Australopithecines, Peking and Heidelberg 

 man, although the main line of the Australopithecines had 

 disappeared somewhat earlier, and Peking man does not 

 appear to have influenced the later evolution of man in 

 Europe. Modern man (Homo Sapiens) thus seems to have 

 arisen from the mixing of Neanderthal types, and indeed 

 at Mount Carmel (Near East) skeletons of both Homo 



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