against which to fight. In view of the insistence of religions 

 even today on the immortality of the human mind, we can 

 feel that this idea lay at the basis of early burial practices. 

 Man is ever hopeful of what the future may bring, so that 

 it is quite natural that he should have concluded long ago 

 that he might attain a better kind of life in a different world 

 after death on the Earth. The leaders of early human groups 

 might well use the idea of heaven to enforce moral laws 

 on their people, making correct behavior in life a condition 

 of passage to heaven. 



Another thought of early man must have been how was 

 the world formed? It was clear enough that the world was 

 rather large, since these men did not reach limits to the 

 land in even their furthest journeyings, except along the 

 sea shores. It was also evident that the world must be a 

 good deal older than the oldest living men, since they had 

 no memories of the formation of the world. Man also 

 realized that new people came from older people, and since 

 he did not know that evolution of men occurred, he as- 

 sumed that the very earliest men must have been created, 

 along with animals, plants, and the Earth itself, by super- 

 natural forces. In this way man could explain his lack of 

 knowledge of the formation of things. These ideas of crea- 

 tion are contained in many of the major works of religion 

 written by men in later times, when the origin of things had 

 become even more distant in the past than was probably 

 believed at first. It is remarkable that primitive men did not 

 suspect any connection of Man with apes, since the apes 

 resembled him quite closely. But this may have been due 

 to a different geographical distribution of men and apes, 

 the latter living in warmer climates generally than men did. 

 so that man did not encounter terrestrial apes often. 



There were several further puzzles which early human 



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