long-term requirements of Mankind as a whole, since in 

 general their periods of administrative power are limited 

 by their being involved to a great extent in the internal 

 affairs of their own nations, in the conduct of which af- 

 fairs they, sooner or later, fail to satisfy public wishes, 

 resulting in their discharge from power. Only the scien- 

 tists can undertake continued studies of internationally im- 

 portant problems, but even they are often distracted from 

 such investigations by the nationalistic demands of their 

 own governments (e.g. in the preparation for war), or are 

 obliged to sell their services to enrich particular business- 

 men without the freedom to make available their knowledge 

 to benefit Mankind as a whole. This situation can only be 

 remedied by all the world's scientists insisting on complete 

 freedom of work along lines chosen by themselves, with 

 corresponding freedom for the complete publication of the 

 results of their researches. 



Modem medicine is dependent for its day-to-day suc- 

 cesses largely on the scientific discoveries of the past, and 

 must look towards science for its future advances. Actu- 

 ally, medicine is really a branch of science today, and 

 medical men may justifiably feel pleased that their hopes 

 of successful treatment of many human diseases have been 

 so largely fulfilled by the impassionate enquiries of scien- 

 tists in many different fields. 



One of the earliest scientific discoveries in medicine 

 of importance was that of the prevention of the deadly 

 disease smallpox, by Jenner in 1796. Jenner had observed, 

 during his medical practice, that milkmaids were appar- 

 ently immune to smallpox, and upon investigation he 

 found that this was due to their having been infected with 

 the much less virulent disease cowpox, contracted from 

 handling cows. He therefore prepared extracts from in- 



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