PAUL E. KLOPSTEG 



value, are required today to maintain a research scholar than 

 were needed in 1938. 



Prior to the war, research was regarded as a normal part 

 of academic duties by those with a scholarly bent. There was 

 no easing of teaching loads to make more time for research 

 available. Spurred by his own initiative and drive, the researcher 

 was found in his laboratory on his "free" afternoons, Sundays, 

 holidays, and many evenings. Special apparatus was constructed 

 either by himself or the departmental mechanic in a poorly 

 equipped shop. The departmental budget had no line item in 

 which the word "research" appeared. But everyone knew that 

 the budget had in it some small though unidentified allowance 

 for things needed for research. Research took great devotion and 

 great effort. Yet it was fun, it was challenging, it was satisfying. 



During the war years, beginning in 1940, scientists and 

 their institutions became accustomed to doing work with mili- 

 tary objectives under a type of contract drawn so as to defray 

 all costs, to keep the institutions free from loss in doing the 

 work. Before the end of the war, many colleges and universities 

 participated in such contract work, in which many thousands of 

 their scientists were serving their country in time of crisis, 

 putting aside their own research to do so. When war's end came, 

 many had had their fill of finding practical and especially mili- 

 tary applications of science, and wanted no more secret projects 

 behind locked doors, with results that could not be published. 

 They were eager to resume their normal activities of basic 

 research and teaching. 



Whether for better or for worse, the outlook of many of 

 the prewar research scientists had changed. They had become 

 conditioned to opulence in the laboratory. They felt the need 

 of paid assistants and clerical help as provided under the devel- 

 opment contracts. Money had become the indispensable desid- 

 eratum for their research, in amounts envisioned only in pleas- 



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