GLOSSARY 



405 



book lungs a respiratory organ consisting of a cavity hav- 

 ing structures whose appearance and arrangement re- 

 semble the leaves of books anci having an exit on the 

 ventral body surface, as in spiders. 



botany the Study of plants. 



bud ( 1 ) any structure or individual produced by budding; 

 (2) a true bud is limited to an asexual reproductive 

 ceil produced by budding, e.g., a spore; (3) an 

 embryonic vascular plant shoot or stem, areas of fur- 

 ther plant growth; (4) a developing flower. 



budding (1) asexual reproduction by the outgrowth of 

 miniature individuals from their parents; (2) asexual 

 production of multicellular structures that will in 

 turn grow into an adult individual; (3) asexual pro- 

 duction of a single cell, a true bud, that will grow 

 into an adult individual; (4) a means of artificial 

 plant propagation by man. 



bunchgrass any grass forming a small cluster of elongate, 

 flexible, and dense stems. 



coldera a large excavation created by renewed volcanic 

 activity leading to the collapse of the top of a volcano 

 into molten magma, e.g.. Crater Lake, Oregon. 



calyptra the cap or sheath covering the capsule of a moss 

 sporophyte. 



calyx (1) the outermost whorl of modified leaves (sepals) 

 in a flower; (2) the body disc of a sea lily or feather 

 star. 



capsule (1) in liverworts and mosses, the sporangium; (2) 

 a sheath enclosing many organisms. 



carapace an external skeletal shield covering part to all 

 of the back of certain animals, especially turtles and 

 some crustaceans. 



carnivore (I) any organism that bulk feeds upon portions 

 of or entire animals; a flesh or meat eater; (2) pertain- 

 ing to the Carnivora, the mammalian order including, 

 among others, cats, dogs, bears, racoons, skunks, seals. 



carpel a leaf highly modified into the structural unit of a 

 pistil, a flower organ; a simple pistil. 



carrying capacity the maximum number of organisms, in- 

 dividuals and species, a particular locale will support 

 through the most critical part, usually of a year; 

 roughly, organisms resulting from biotic potential 

 minus environmental resistance. 



cartilage roughly, gristle; a stifT but often pliable skeletal 

 tissue as in the human ear or tip of the nose. 



caste society the most complex social organization of 

 animals in which division of labor is accomplished by 

 structurally and functionally unique individuals; 

 found in termites, ants, bees, and wasps. 



caudal pertaining to the tail or posterior part of the body. 



Coytoniales fossil order (Upper Triassic to Lower Creta- 

 ceous) of the Class Cycadae; seeds enclosed in modified 

 leaves (angiospermlike and thought by some to be 

 ancestral to the flowering plants); generally trees or 

 shrubs. 



cell a small mass of protoplasm including and enclosed 

 by a cell membrane and containing a central nucleus 

 and surrounding cytoplasm; the structural and func- 

 tional unit typical of plants and animals. 



cell-like organism any organism whose entire body struc- 

 ture is comparable to the structure of a single cell; 

 distinctive for monerans and protistans, but includes 

 some primitive or degenerate true algae. 



cellulose a complex carbohydrate found in the cell walls 

 of most plants and in the body covering of some 

 tunicates. 



cephalization head formation, the tendency for centraliza- 

 tion of sense organs and other structures in a head 

 region. 



cephalothorax the combination of head and thorax into a 

 single major body region. 



chaparral broadleaf evergreen or small, stiff, and waxy- 

 leaved evergreen or deciduous plants, or the region 

 having such plants; pertaining to a particular scrub 

 region. 



chelicerae the anterior pair of often pincerlike appendages 

 diagnostic of the Subphylum Chelicerata. 



chemosynthesis autotrophic nutrition of certain bacteria 

 that obtain energy for the manufacture of organic 

 matter from inorganic materials. 



chitin a horny, organic material common in the external 

 skeleton of arthropods, cuticle of certain other 

 invertebrates, and cell wall of certain protistans. 



chlorophyll a green organic pigment that is chemically 

 similar to hemoglobin and is required in photosyn- 

 thesis; a pigment in plants, blue-green algae, and 

 certain flagellates (green flagellates). 



chromosome the gene-containing, rodlike bodies that 

 originate within a cell's nucleus and are found during 

 meiosis and mitosis. 



cilium a microscopic, hairlike structure attached to the 

 surface of a cell-like organism or cell; a structure 

 capable of vibration and acting as a source of uni- 

 cellular locomotion; probably a modified, shortened 

 flagellum. 



cirque an amphitheater excavated in mountains as a 

 result of frost or glacial action associated with a 

 snow field. 



class a taxon ranking above an order and below a phylum; 

 also used as a category to classify many nonliving 

 things. 



cleavage (1) the early stages in an organisms 's develop- 

 ment, from a fertilized egg to many cells; (2) the 

 splitting of rocks into thin parallel sheets, as in slate; 

 (3) the splitting tendency, parallel to existing or pos- 

 sible crystal faces, of certain minerals that is related 

 to the chemical structure of the crystal. 



climate the average atmospheric conditions that usually 

 characterizes a broad, geographic region; the average 

 weather conditions, especially moisture, temperature. 



