INDEX 



423 



Archezoic, 112 

 Archiannelida, 226 

 Archosauria, 289 



Arctic organisms, 130-131, 140, 161-162, 

 163, 164, 211, 212. 259, 296, 319-320, 

 323 

 Arclo-Tertiary Geoflora, 372-373, 376-383 

 Arete, 50, 51 



Arhythmic activity (iee also Diurnation), 336 

 Artesian well, 41 

 Arthropoda, 209, 213, 216, 224, 229-253, 



263, 315 

 Arthropsida, see Sphenopsida 

 Aschelminthes, 208, 209-212, 223 

 Ascidiaceae, 264-265 

 Ascomycetes, 141,142, 144, 145 

 Ascon,'l94, 195 

 Ascospore, 141 

 Ascus, 141 

 Aspectation, 334, 335, 336, 337 



in amphibian activity, 280-281 



in aphid reproduction, 243 



in Cladocera, 237 



in communities, 352, 353, 355, 356 



in competition, 335 



in distribution, 347 



in dormancy, 306-307 



effect on populations, 340, 354, 355 



in feeding, 281 



in lake cycles, 317-318 



of light, 323 



in migration, 343, 344 



in mortality rate, 341 



in movements, 353 



origin of, 7, 12-13 



in Phaeophyta, 154 



in Phalangida, 232 



in photoperiodism, 323 



in Polychaeta, 228 



in reproduction, 340 



in Reptilia, 284-285 



in streams and lakes, 41 



in tolerance, 299 

 Aspects, 336, 337 

 Association, biotic, 360 



faunal, 392 

 Asteroidea, 255, 259-260 



Asteroids, 1 



Atmosphere (j« a/so Weathering), 10-26 



of Actualistic Phase, 4, 10-26 



of alpine habitats, 324 



composition of, 1 1 



cycle of, 10-11 



as ecological factor, 323-327 



effect on: auroras, 12; hales, 12; rain- 

 bows, 12; sky colors, 12 



influenced by solar radiation, 7-8 



origin of, 3-5 



of Preactualistic Phase, 4 



temperature relations of, 11, 12-14, 304, 

 305 



topographic relations of, 332 



water of, 13-14 



zones of, 11-12 

 Atoll, 57-58 

 Auroras, 12 



Australian Region, 385 



Autotomy, 258, 260, 282 



Autotrophism, 85 



Aves (see also Paleontology), 247, 268, 281, 

 284, 289-292,306, 307, 316, 336, 343, 

 344, 345, 346, 348, 385-386, 394 



Azoic, 1 13 



Bacillariophyceae, 150, 152, 217, 228, 316 

 Back swimmer, see Hemiptera 

 Bacteria, see Schizophyta 

 Balance of nature, 93-94, 357 

 Ballooning, 235 

 Barchanes, 55, 56 

 Barnacles, see Cirripedia 

 Barriers (see also Biogeographical dynamics; 

 Paleontology), 116,383-384 

 effect on communities, 355, 356 

 Basidiomycetes, 141, 143-144 

 Basidiospore, 141 

 Basidium, 141 



Basket stars, see Ophiuroidea 

 Batholiths, 59 

 Batoidea, 273, 274 

 Batrachia, see Amphibia 

 Bays, 54-55 



Beach-dune areas, 314, 315 

 Beaches (see also Shorelines; Strands), 40 

 Beche-de-mer, 258 

 Bees, see Hymenoptera 

 Beetles, see Coleoptera 



Behavior (see also Social behavior), 347-348 

 effect on isolation, 1 17 

 influenced by temperature and water, 

 310 

 Benthic zone, 316, 317 

 Benthos, 315-316 

 Bichirs, see Chondrostei 

 Biennials, 346 



Biogeochemical cycles (see also Carbon, 

 Geomorphic, Hydrologic, Life, Nitro- 

 gen, Phosphorus, and Sulfur cycles), 

 399-400 

 bacteria important in, 129 

 Biogeography, 109-1 13, 364-394 

 differential distribution in, 344 

 distribution schemes, 384-394 

 distribution types, 347-348 

 effect on communities, 355, 356 

 evolution and, 115-116, 122-123 

 geographic range, 347 

 historical (see also Geological history), 



371-394 

 influenced by; climate, 298, 302; ecologi- 

 cal amplitude, 357; environmental 

 gradients, 356-357 

 intercontinental movements, 393-394 

 local occurrence, 347-348 

 succession and, 361-362, 365-370 

 Biogeographical dynamics, 364-384 

 Biogeographical seres, 362 

 Biological spectrum, 303 

 Biome, 367, 368-369, 387-388, 394 

 Biome-class, 369-370 

 Bioseres, 360-361, 366-368 

 Biosphere, 84, 370 



Biotic district, 390 



Biotic factors, see Ecological factors, biotic 



Biotic potential, 94 



an antagonistic force, 339 

 effect on: carrying capacity, 342, 349; 

 cycles, 341-342; mortality, 341 ; repro- 

 ductive rate, 340 

 Biotic provinces, 389-390, 394 

 Biparentalism, 88 

 Birds, see Aves 

 Birth, see Reproduction 

 Bivalves, see Pelecypoda; Shells, bivalved 

 Black widow, 234 

 Bladder, swim, 275 

 Bladder worm, 207 

 Blades, algal, 152-153, 154 



leaf, 170-171 

 Blastocoel, 102, 103 

 Blastoidea, 256 

 Blastula, 102, 103 

 Blizzards, 23 

 Body cavities (see also Gastrovascular 



cavity), 103 

 Bog, 318, 319, 321 

 Bowfin, see Holostei 

 Brachiopoda, 213, 214-215,216 

 Branchiobdellids, 228 

 Branchiopoda, 236-238 

 Bridges, ecological, see Highways 



geological, 42, 45, 46, 49 

 Bristletails, see Thysanura 

 Brittle stars, see Ophiuroidea 

 Brushlands, 320-321 

 Bryales, 162, 163, 164 

 Bryophyta, 86, 87, 100, 148, 155-164, 167, 



168, 179 

 Bryozoa, see Ectoprocta 

 Budding, 86, 87, 90, 195, 199, 207, 226, 



262, 265 

 Buds, 86, 87 



axillary, 168, 169 

 of Ectoprocta, 214 

 of flowers, 190 

 kinds of, 87 

 reproductive, 86, 87 

 Bugs, see Hemiptera 

 Butterflies, see Lepidoptera 



Caddisfiies, see Trichoptera 

 Caecilians, see Gymnophiona 

 Caimans, see Crocodilia 

 Cake urchins, see Echinoidea 

 Calamopsida, see Sphenopsida 

 Calcarea, 196, 197 

 Calcispongiae, see Calcarea 

 Calcification, 79, 81 

 Calcite, 70 

 Calderas, 60 

 Calyptra, 163 

 Calyx, Echinodermata, 256 



flower, 190 

 Cambrian Period, 1 12 

 Canyons, 40, 45, 46 

 Capsule (sporangium), Bryophyta, 156, 



157, 159, 160, 161, 163, 164 

 Carapace, 231,236, 285 



