424 



INDEX 



Carbon, 83, 91 



Carbon cycle, 399 



Carbon dioxide, in air stagnation, 324 



in atmospheric cycle, 10, 11 



effect on: climate, 25; weathering, 40 



in photosynthesis, 85 

 Carboniferous, 1 1 1 

 Carnivores, 85, 396, 397 

 Carpels, 189, 190 



Carrying capacity, 94, 342, 364, 399 

 Caste society, 246, 348, 349 

 Castes, termite, 246 

 Caudata, 99, 282, 283, 316, 322 

 Caverns, 42 

 Caves, 40, 42, 46, 49, 55 



organisms of, 139, 232, 322, 336 

 Caytoniales, 374 



Cells (see also Buds; Gametes; Spores; 

 Zygote), 91,92 



definition of, 132 



division of, 85, 86, 87, 88 



origin of, 98 



swarm, 137 



wall of, 91, 92, 128, 130, 133, 137, 148, 

 155 

 Cellulose, 91, 139, 151, 152, 153, 154, 264 

 Cenozoic Era, 109-1 10, 377-383 

 Center, of dispersal, 122 



of origin, 122 

 Centipedes, garden, see Symphyla 



true, see Chilopoda 

 Central cylinder, see Veins, of plants 

 Cephalization, 229-230 

 Cephalochordata, 263, 264, 265, 266, 268, 



271-272 

 Cephalopoda, 89, 194, 217, 222-223 

 Cephalothorax, 230, 235, 240, 241 

 Ceriantharia, 202, 203 

 Cestoda, 207, 208, 334 

 Chaetognatha, 254, 260-261, 268 

 Chamaephytes, 303 

 Chaparral, 331,373, 380 

 Charophyta, 151-152, 156, 157 

 Chelicerae, 231 

 Chelicerata, 230-235 

 Chelonia, see Testudinata 

 Chemical reaction, see pH 

 Chemosynthesis, 85 

 Chert, 72, 73 

 Chiggers, see Acarina 

 Chilopoda, 242, 329 

 Chimaerae, 273 

 Chimaeras, see Holocephali 

 Chinook, see Foehns 

 Chitin, 139, 141, 229 

 Chitons, see Amphineura 

 Chloromonadophyceae. 152 

 Chlorophyll, 85 



Chlorophyta (see aiso Lichens), 99, 100, 145, 

 150-151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 

 163, 195,296,310,362,400 

 Choanae, 275 

 Choanichthyes, 266, 268, 271, 275-276, 



277 

 Chondrichthyes, 266, 268, 270, 272-275 

 Chondrostci, 270, 271, 277-278 



Chordata, 254, 261, 263-296 



Chordates, lower, 263-265 



Chromosomes, 85-87, 88, 89 



Chrysophyta (see also Bacillariophyceae),152 



Cicadas, see Homoptera 



Cilia, 135 



Ciliata, 135-136, 195, 197 



Ciliophora, 135-137 



Circulatory system, complete, 224 



incomplete, 217 

 Cirque, 50-51 



Cirripedia, 200, 237,238,312, 313 

 Cladocera, 237,238,316 

 Clams, see Pelecypoda; Shells, bivalved 

 Class, 99 

 Classification, see particular group involved^ 



e.g.. Life 

 Clay, 78 



Cleavage, mineral, 69 



Climate (see also Aspectation; Biogeograph- 

 ical dynamics), altitude, latitude, plant 

 zonation, and, 332-333 

 changes and cliseres, 304, 361 

 classification of, 302 

 contrasted with weather, 18 

 distribution, 25-26 

 dry, plants of, 310 

 as ecological factor, 302-304, 354 

 effect on: communities, 356; deserts, 24- 

 25; environmental gradients, 354; 

 erosion, 39; extinction, 340; lire, 331 ; 

 fringing woodlands, 321 ; glaciation, 

 49; migrations, 345, 346; morpho- 

 genic regions, 66, 67; movements of 

 life, 354; plateaus, 47, 48; succession, 

 360 

 as environmental indicator, 298 

 influenced by: latitude, 24; rocks 68; 



soils, 76; topography, 23-25; wind, 324 

 moist, plants of, 310 

 past history of, 26, 108-113 

 production of, 25-26 

 and Tracheophyta evolution, 167 

 Climatic rhythms, 19, 302, 336 

 Climaxes (see also Biogeographical dy- 

 namics), 359 

 and carrying capacity, 399 

 patterns of, 362 

 persistence of, 369 

 vs. serai stages, 366 

 stratification in, 359 

 types of, 360, 361, 362 

 Climbers, 358 



Cliseres, 304, 355, 356, 361, 381 

 Clitellum, 228 

 Clouds, 15-18 



effect on: climate, 25; temperature. 304, 

 305 

 Club mosses, see Lycopodiales 

 Cnidaria, see Coelenterata 

 Coal, 72, 73, 74 

 Coastal areas (.we aAo .Shorelines). 314-315, 



324 

 Cocoons, 228, 229, 234, 244, 251, 252 

 Coelenterata, 86, 87, 88, 90, 99, 131, 192, 

 198-203, 205, 212, 255, 260, 268 



Coelom (see also Enterocoel; Schizocoel), 



224 

 Col, 50, 51 



Cold-blooded, see Ectothermism 

 Coleoptera, 251, 252 

 Collembola, 244-245, 327 

 Colonial organisms (see also Animals, 



colonial), 93 

 Coloration (see also Mimicry), absence in 

 cave animals, 322 



changes in cold areas, 326 



counter shading, 290 



cryptic, 119, 290 



deflective, 290 



epigamic, 290 



warning, 1 19 

 Columella, Bryophyta, 156, 159 

 Comb jellies, see Ctenophora 

 Comets, I 



Commensalism, 333, 334 

 Commensals, 208, 223, 228, 232, 235, 292 

 Communities (see also Compensation; 

 Habitats; Limiting factors; Regula- 

 tion; Steady state), 351-394 



activities in, 352-353 



equilibrium tendency in, 357 



extinction of, 370-371 



influence of, 357-371 



interrelations of, 357-358 



invasion of, 364-365 



movements in, 353-354 



nature of. 351-352 



origin of, 370-371 



overlapping of. 352, 388 



persistence and size, 369 



spatial changes in, 356-357 



stratification in, 358-359 



succession in, 359-364 



temporal variations in, 354-356 



types of changes in, 355-356 



variations in, 352-357 

 Community type, 387, 388 

 Compensation, 401 



Competition (see also Biogeographical dy- 

 namics), 333, 334, 335 



climax and serai, 358 



community variations and, 352 



contrasted with ecological amplitude, 

 299-300 



effect on: communities, 351, 357-358; 

 immigration, 346; populations, 354, 

 355 



interspecific, 335 



intraspecific, 335 

 nonsocial groups and, 348 

 Compounds, organic vs. inorganic, 83 

 Conchostraca, 237 

 Clones, geological, see Volcanoes 



as modified leaves, 179 



plant, 93, 155, 174, 177, 179. 185. 186. 

 187, 188 

 Conformable bed. 58 

 Coniferae. 166, 172, 185-189,369 

 Coniferales, 186-187 

 Coniferous forests, 372 

 Conifers, see Coniferales 



