INDEX 



425 



Conjugation. 136 

 Consumers, 396-397, 400 

 Continental shelf, 30 

 Continental slope, 30-31 

 Continuum, 352, 356, 362 

 Cooperation {ur alio Biogeographical dy- 

 namics), 333, 334 

 Copepoda, 237,238,316 

 Coral reefs, see Reefs 

 Corals, false stolon, see Telastacea 



horny, see Gorgonacea 



hydrocorals, see Hydrocoralina 



soft, see Alcyonacea 



stinging, 199 



stolon, see Stolonifera 



stony or true, see Madreporaria 

 Core, earth's {see also Magnetism), 3 

 Coriolis force {see also. Rotation, of earth), 



31,346 

 Corolla, 190 

 Coronatae, 201.202 

 Correlation, geological, 106 

 Corridor (iff a/jo -Biogeographical dy- 

 namics), 122 

 Corrodentia, 246 

 Cowry, 219 

 Crabs, horseshoe, 231 



king, 231 



true, see Decapoda 

 Craters, see \'olcanoes 

 Crayfish, see Decapoda 

 Crepuscular {see also Diurnation), 336 

 Cretaceous, 110, 374, 376-377 

 Cribellum. 235 

 Crickets, see Orthoptera 

 Crinoidea, 255, 256 

 Crocodiles, see Crocodilia 

 Crocodilia, 284, 283, 288-289 

 Crossopterygii, 266, 268, 271, 275-276 

 Crust, earth's, 3 



Crustacea, 222, 229, 236-241,260, 274, 278 

 Crustose lichen, 146 

 Cryptozoic Eon, 112-113 

 Ctenophora, 192, 203-204,205 

 Cubomedusae, 201, 202 

 Cucumbers, sea, see Holothuroidea 

 Cuestas, 46, 49 

 Cumacea, 239 

 Currents {see also \Ninds), fresh-water, 315 



ocean, as ecological factor, 312 



ocean, effect on: climate, 25; deserts, 24; 

 temperature, 304, 305 



ocean, shore, 35, 36 



rip, 36-37 



stream, 319 

 Cuttlebone, 223 



Cyanophyta {see also Lichens), 45, 91, 99, 

 129-131, 145, 149, 150, 151, 152, 154, 

 159, 296, 306, 316, 362, 396, 400 

 Cycadae, 166, 172, 184-185, 186, 374 

 Cycadales, 180, 185,369, 372 

 Cycadeoids, 374 

 Cycads. see Cycadales 

 Cyclones, see Pressure areas 

 Cyclostomata, 266, 268-272, 275 

 Cystidea, 256 



Cytology, evolution evidence, 1 16 

 Cytoplasm, 91, 92 



Daddy longlegs, see Phalangida 



Damselflies, see Odonata 



Dating past events, 106-107 



Death, see Mortality 



Decapoda, 195, 223, 238, 240, 241, 312, 



313.316,322,334 

 Deciduous forests, 373 

 Decomposers, 354-356, 395-396 

 Decomposition, 129, 395-396, 400 

 Deep sea, see Oceans 

 Deltas, 40, 44, 45 

 Demospongia, 196, 197 

 Deposition, see Sedimentation 

 Depressing, geological, 61, 62 

 Dermaptera. 245-246 

 Deserts, climatic factors of, 24-25 



organisms of, 140, 163, 188, 21 1, 280, 296 



pavement, 56 



plants of, 309, 310 



shoreline, 315 



varnish, 56 



weathering in, 40 



wind erosion in, 55-56 

 Deuteromycetes, 144-145 

 Development, in animals, 103 



direct, in insects, 243, 244 



evidence for evolution, 114-115 

 Devilfish, 222 

 Devonian Period, HI 

 Diastrophism, 61-66 

 Diatomaceous earth, see Diatomite 

 Diaiomite, 72, 73, 150 

 Diatoms, see Bacillariophyceae 

 Dicots, see Dicotyledoneae 

 Dicotyledoneae, 188, 189,190, 191 

 DiflTerentiation areas, 392-393 

 Diffusion, 310-311 

 Dikes, 58, 59 

 Dinosaurs, 268, 289, 374 

 Dip, geological, 61, 62 

 Dipleurula, 254-255, 266, 268 

 Diplobiontic, 89 

 Diplophase, 89 



Diplopoda, 241-242, 329, 330 

 Dipnoi, 266, 268, 271, 276, 277 

 Diptera, 252 

 Disclimaxes, 36fJ 

 Discomedusae, 201, 202 

 Disease, from bacteria, 129 



from fungi, 140 



influenced by light, 323 



from viruses, 125 

 Distribution, see Biogeography 

 Diurnal {see also Diurnation), 336 

 Diurnation. 334-335 



animal activity types in, 336 



and dormancy, 307 



effects on: communities, 352, 353, 355, 

 356; competition, 335; migration, 343, 

 344; movement, 353; Polychaeta 

 spawning, 228 

 Division, (a taxon), in insects. 245. 247 



in plants, 96 



Division of labor, in Coelenterata. 198 



in colonial organisms, 93 



in communities. 351 



in societies. 348-349 

 Dobson flies, see Neuroptera 

 Dolomite. 69 



Dominance, social, 335, 348-349 

 Dominants, 359, 366, 367-368, 369, 388 



result of extinction. 371 

 Dormancy. 306-307, 308-309 



in amphibians, 280 



aspectation of, 306, 307 



in birds. 291 



diurnation of, 307 



effect on communities, 352-353 



influenced by: food, 398; temperature, 

 306; water, 310 



and migration, 344 



in plants, 308-309 



site of, 280, 307 



in vertebrates, 306-307 

 Dragonflies, see Odonata 

 Drumlins, 52 

 Dunes, 40, 55, 56 

 Dynamic faunas. 390-394 



Earth {see also Life cycle; Magnetism; 



Planets; Rotation, of earth); antago- 

 nistic forces, 38 

 forces, affecting, 9 

 influenced by solar radiation, 7-8 

 layering of, 3 

 organization of, 8-9 

 physical aspects of, 7-9 

 Earthquakes, 34 

 Earthworms, see Oligochaeta 

 Earwigs, see Dermaptera 

 Ecesis, 364-365 

 Echidnas, see Prototheria 

 Echinodermata, 254-260, 261, 266, 268 

 Echinoderm-chordaie line, 254-255, 260, 



261, 263,266-268 

 Echinoidea. 258-259,313 

 Echmroidea, 211, 213, 216, 223,228 

 Ecological amplitude {see also Biogeograph- 

 ical dynamics), 299-300 

 contrasted with competition. 299 

 effects on: biogeography. 357; biotic 

 potential, 342; communities, 352; 

 species success, 336-338 

 influenced by ecological factors, 357 

 Ecological factors {see also Biogeographical 

 dynamics; Compensation; Ecological 

 variations; Environmental resistance; 

 Regulation; Steady state), 298-338, 

 301 (table) 

 biological or biotic, 298, 300, 333-335 

 climate, importance of, 300 

 density-dependent, 357 

 density-independent, 357 

 effect on: biogeochemical cycles, 400; 

 climaxes, 360, 361 ; communities, 352, 

 356, 358; continuum, 352; extinction, 

 340, 370-371 ; migration, 344; mortal- 

 ity rate, 341 ; population size, 341 ; suc- 

 cession, 360 



