INDEX 



427 



Fishes (see also Pisces), bony, see Osteich- 

 thyes 



cartilaginous, see Chondrichthyes 



electric, see Batoidea 



ghost, see Holocephali 



hagfishes, see Myxinoidea 



jawless, see Cyclostomata 



lampreys, see Petromyzontoidea 



lobe-finned, see Crossopterygii 



lung, see Dipnoi 



modern, see Teleostei 



rat, see Holocephali 



ray-finned, see Actinopterygii 



reed, see Chondrostei 



slime eels, see Myxinoidea 



true, see Osteichthyes 

 Fission, 85, 86, 87 

 Flagellata, 133-134, 137, 138, 148, 149, 150, 



154, 195, 197, 205, 281, 396,400 

 Flatworms, see Platyhelminthes; Turbellaria 

 Fleas, glacier, jfcCollembola 



snow, see CoUembola 



true, see Siphonaptera 



water, see Cladocera 

 Flies, alderflies, see Neuroptera 



caddis, see Trichoptera 



damselflies, see Odonata 



dobson, see Neuroptera 



dragonflies, see Odonata 



harvest, see Homoptera 



mantidfiies, see Neuroptera 



scorpion, see Mecoptera 



snakeflies, see Neuroptera 



true, see Diptera 



whiteflies, see Homoptera 

 Floras, Nonh American, 371-383 

 Flowering plants, see Angiospermae 

 Flowers, 93, 155, 188, 189, 190 

 Flukes, see Trematoda 

 Foehns, 19, 20 

 Fog, 17 

 Fog belt, 32 



Folding, geological, 62, 63 

 Foliose lichen, 146 

 Food, efiect on dormancy, 306 



nutrition types and, 85 



plants as source of, 165 



preference, 398-399 



productivity, 399 



quantity and kinds, 398 



rock source of, 68 

 Food chains, 397 

 Food habits, 281 

 Food pyramids, 397-398 

 Food webs, 397 

 Foot, bryophyte, 156, 157, 159, 161, 163, 



164 

 Foraminifera, 135 

 Forests, 372-373 



moss, 163 

 Formations, geological, 106, 1U8 



plant, 387, 388 

 Fossils [see also Paleontology), 107-108 



of algae, 149 



as evidence for evolution, 1 14 



in limestone areas, 42 



"living," see "Living fossils" 

 oldest known, 127 

 Fragmentation, reproductive, 85, 86, 87, 



205, 208 

 Fresh water {see also Hydrophytes; Lakes; 

 Salinity; Streams; Water), effect on 

 fish physiology, 31 1 

 marshes, 44, 318, 320 

 organisms of, 129, 130, 134, 136, 137, 

 149, 150, 151, 152, 154, 155, 162, 163, 

 164, 174, 176, 182, 195, 196, 199, 205, 

 208, 209, 210, 21 1, 212, 217, 226, 229, 

 - 268, 280, 315-316, 319-322, 345, 363- 



364 

 organism types in, 315-316 

 scums, 149 

 Frogs, see Salientia 

 Fronds, 184 

 Fronts (see also Life cycle), 20-21, 22 



clouds in, 15, 21 

 Fruiting bodies, 138, 139, 141-143, 145 

 Fruits, 189-190 

 Fruticose lichen, 146 

 Fungi (see also Lichens), 137-146 

 algal, see Phycomycetes 

 animals and, 238, 246 

 club, see Basidiomycetes 

 fly, 140 

 imperfect, 139 

 life cycle, 90 

 sac, see Ascomycetes 

 slime, see Myxomycophyta 

 Thallophyta and, 148 

 true, see Eumycophyta 



Galactic system, 2 

 Galaxies, 1-3 

 Gametes, 87, 88, 89, 92 

 Gametophores, 157, 162, 163, 164 

 Gametophytes, alternation of generations 

 and, 87, 88 



of Angiospermae, 156, 168, 189, 190 



of Bryophyta, 157 



in diplobiontic life cycle, 89 



of Embryophyta, 155-156 



evolution of, 100-101 



of Lycopsida, 174 



origin of, 100 



of Psilopsida, 172-173 



of pteridophytes, 167-168 



of Pteropsida, 179 



of spermatophytes, 167-168, 182-183 



of Sphenopsida, 177 



of Tracheophyta, 166-168 

 Gars or garpike, see Holostei 

 Gastropoda, 195, 217, 218-220, 313, 316, 



329 

 Gastrotricha, 208, 210, 211, 316 

 Gastrovascular cavity, 198, 204, 205 

 Gavials, see Crocodilia 

 Gem, 69 



Gemmae, 87, 157, 160, 161, 163 

 Gemmules, 87, 195 

 Gene pool, 299-300 

 Genes, 126-127 



life origin and, 105 



mutations in evolution, 1 16-1 17 



reproduction and, 85, 87 



viruses resemble, 106, 126-127 

 Genetic drift, 123 

 Genetics, evolution evidence (see also 



Genes), 116 

 Genus, 96 

 Geofloras, 371-383 

 Geological calendar, 109-113 

 Geological dating, 106-107 

 Geological features (see also Land forms), 



orders or levels of, 8-9 

 Geological history (see also Biogeography, 



historical), 106-113, 374-384 

 Geological succession, 361 

 Geomorphic cycles (see also Biogeographical 

 dynamics), 38-40 



analogy in populations, 339 



effect on: community changes, 365-369; 

 ecological success, 338; eosere succes- 

 sion, 361; extinction, 340; lake habi- 

 tats, 318-319; stream habitats, 319; 

 succession, 360, 362 



relation to biogeochemical cycles, 399 

 Geophytes, 303 

 Geoseres, 361 

 Germ layers, 102, 103, 205 

 Germination, influenced by fire, 330 



of seeds, 183, 191 



under snow, 326 

 Geysers, 41, 42 

 Gila monsters, see Sauria 

 Gill slits, 261,263 

 Ginkgoae, 166, 172,185,186 

 Ginkgoales, 185, 186 

 Glacial trough, 50, 51, 54 

 Glaciation (see also Glaciers; Life cycles; 

 Nival zone; Pleistocene Epoch), 49-52 



effect on: coral reefs, 58; sedimentary 

 rocks, 72 

 Glaciers (see also Glaciation; Life cycles; 

 Nival zone; Pleistocene Epoch), 

 amphibians near, 280 



continental, 51-52 



formation of, 49 



local, 49-51 



organisms of, 245, 327 



piedmont, 49, 50, 51 



thickness of, 49, 51 



types of, 49 

 Gleization, 79 

 Glycerids, see Polychaeta 

 Gneiss, 74, 75 

 Gnetales, 186,188 

 Gorgonacea, 201-203 

 Gossamer showers, 235 

 Grabens, 65, 66 

 Grasshoppers, see Orthoptera 

 Grassland, 373, 374, 379-383 

 Gravel, 77 

 Gravity, 9 



effect on: earth, 9; mass movements, 

 325; tides, 33 

 Gray widow, 234 

 Growth, 87 

 Growth formation, 387 



