428 



INDEX 



Grylloblattid, see Orthoptera 

 Guard cells, 156, 159 

 Gullies, 40, 45 

 Guyots, see Mountains 

 Gymnosperms, 183-188, 189, 3V1 

 Gynnnophiona, 281 

 Gynoecium, 190 



Habitats {see also Alkali marsh; Alkali sink; 



Alpine, Arctic. Beach-dune area; 



Beaches; Bog; Brushlands; Caves; 



Chaparral; Coastal areas; Deserts; 



Fire; Forests; Fresh water; Geofloras; 



Intertidal habitats; Islands; Kelp 



beds; Lakes; Land forms; Lowlands; 



Montane zones; Moor; Mountains; 



Nival zone; Oceans; Saline areas; 



Saline marsh; Sedge-meadow; Strands; 



Streams; Subalpine zone; Thickets; 



Topography: Woodlands), 372-373, 

 374-394 



aquatic, reproduction in, 89 



aspectation in, 336 



changes and ecological success, 338 



competition in, 335 



continental, evolution in, 122-123 



continental and Tracheophyta evolu- 

 tion, 165 



for dormancy, 307 



dry, see Xerophytes 



influenced by: animals, 335; climate, 

 302, 310; soil, 79-82, 327; water, 

 308; wind, 324 



moist, see Mesophytes 



seasons and, 336 



terrestrial, reproduction in, 89 

 Hagfishes, see Myxinoidea 

 Halos, cloud, 12, 17 

 Haplobiontic, 89, 90 

 Haplophase, 89 

 Harvestmen, see Phalangida 

 Heart urchins, see Echinoidea 

 Heat, see Temperature 

 Heliotherms, see Ectotherms 

 Hellbender, see Caudata 

 Hemichordata, 254, 261-262, 266, 268 

 Hemicryptophytes, 303 

 Hemiptera, 247, 248 

 Hemocoel, 217, 230 

 Hemoglobin, 224 

 Hemolymph, 230 

 Hepaticae, 157, 158,159-162 

 Hepatophyta, 157 

 Herbivores, 85, 396. 397, 400 

 Herbs, 101 

 Heredity {see also Genes), and extinction, 



340 

 Hermaphroditism, 88, 205, 211, 212. 214, 

 220, 223, 226, 260, 261, 263, 265, 270, 

 340 

 Heterogamy, 88 

 Heterostela, 256 

 Heierotherms, 291, 307 

 Heteroirophism, 86 

 Hexactinellida, 196, 197 

 Hibernation, see Dormancy 



"High," see Pressure areas 

 Highways {see also Biogeographical dy- 

 namics; Paleontology), 383-384 



in evolution, 122 



serai vs. climax, 369 

 Hirudinea, 229,316 

 History, see Geological history 

 Hogbacks, 47, 49, 64 

 Holdfasts, 152-153, 154 

 Holocephali, 273-274 

 Holostei, 271,277,278 

 Holothuroidea, 257-258 

 Holozoic nutrition, 85 

 Home range, 342, 343 

 Homeostasis, see Steady state 

 Homing, 294-295, 345-346 

 Homoptera, 88, 247,249 

 Homothermism, 284 

 Hookworms, see Nematoda 

 Hoppers, see Homoptera 

 Hornblende, 69 



Horned liverworts, «e Anthocerotae 

 Horntails, see Hymenoptera 

 Hornworts, see Anthocerotae 

 Horseshoe crabs, 231 

 Horsetails, see Sphenopsida 

 Horsts {see also Life cycle), 65 

 Hosts, 334 

 Humidity, see Water 

 Humus, distribution in soil, 76 



effect on pH, 41-42 



habitats in, 301 



as nutrient source, 328 

 Hurricanes {see also Life cycle), 18, 23 

 Hyalospongia, see Hexactinellida 

 Hydrocoralina, 199, 200 

 Hydrocorals, see Hydrocoralina 

 Hydrogen, in atmospheric cycle, 10, 1 1 



in living substance. 83, 91 

 Hydroidea, 199,200,213, 220, 231, 313 

 Hydroids, see Hydroidea; Hydrozoa 

 Hydrologic cycle {see also Fresh water; 

 Oceans; Water), 307-308, 328, 399 



atmospheric cycle includes, 10 



effect on erosion, 9, 41 



and water availability, 14 

 Hydromedusae, see Trachylina 

 Hydrophytes, 309-310, 316,319-320, 363 



related to air stagnation, 324 

 Hydrosphere, see Fresh water; Lakes; 



Oceans; Streams; Water 

 Hydrozoa, 199-200 

 Hymenoptera, 56-57, 251, 252, 329, 336, 



348, 349 

 Hypermetamorphosis, in insects, 244 

 Hypha, 139 

 Hypolimnion, 317 



Icebergs, 50 

 Immigration, 343, 346 

 Indusium, of ferns, 179 

 InHuence, community, 357-358 

 Influents, 388 

 Infra-, as taxon prefix, 96 

 Infrared light, 7 

 Innkeeper, see Echiuroidea 



Insecta, 210, 229, 232, 242-252, 278, 286, 

 292, 293, 316, 322, 326. 327, 329, 330, 

 335, 336, 343, 348 

 Insects {see also Insecta), nerve-winged, see 

 Neuroptera 



scale, see Homoptera 



social, 243, 246,252,348 

 Instar, 243 



Integuments, of seeds, 183, 190 

 Interference, 335 

 Internodes, 168, 169 

 Intertidal habitats, 312-314 

 Invasion of communities, 364-365 

 Irritability, 84 

 Islands, biological, 122-123, 347 



continental, 30 



evolution on, 122-123 



oceanic, 30 

 Isoetales, 167,175, 177 

 Isogamy, 88 

 Isolation {see also Barriers; Biogeographical 



dynamics), 117-118 

 Isolation-recombination cycles {see also 



Barriers; Highways), 367, 368, 370 

 Isopoda, 239, 330 

 Isoptera, 56-57, 134, 246,336, 348, 349 



Jellyfishes, see Scyphozoa 



Jet streams, 1 1 



Joint-legged animals, see Arthropoda 



Jointing, geological, 63 



Jupiter, see Planets 



Jurassic Period, 1 10, 374, 375 



Karnes, 52 



Kelp beds, 150 



Kelps {see also Phaeophyta), 149, 150, 311- 



312,313,314 

 Keratosa, 196 

 Kettle holes, 52 

 King crabs, 231 

 Kingdom, 96 

 Kinorhyncha, 208, 210, 211 



Laccoliths, 59 



Lacertilia, see Sauria 



Lacewings, see Neuroptera 



Lakes {see aho Life cycle), acid, 318, 321 



alkali, 56, 318,319,321-322 



association with streams, 45 



classification of, 318-322 



cycle of, 317-318 



dystrophic, 318, 319, 321 



eutrophic, 318, 319, 320 



habitats in, 318-322 



glacial, 50, 51, 52 



light zones in, 316-317 



oligotrophic, 318, 319 



organism types in, 315-316 



organisms, diurnation. 343 



overturn of, 317-318 



ox-bows, 43 



saline, 318, 319, 321-322 



temperature cycle and zonation in, 

 317-318 



volcanic, 318, 319, 321 



