INDEX 



429 



Lamp shells, see Brachiopoda 

 Lampreys, see Peiromyzontoidea 

 Lancets, see Cephalochordata 

 Land, Tracheophyte invasion of, 167 

 Land forms (see also Biogeographicai dy- 

 namics; Topography), 38-67 

 constructional, 58-66 

 destructional, 38-58; vs. constructional, 



40, 45-46, 58 

 effect on succession, 362 

 from glaciers, 50-52 

 identification of, 66-67 

 influenced by rocks, 74-75 

 movements of, 40 

 of ocean floor, 29-31 

 orders or levels of, 8-9 

 from organisms, 56-58 

 past history of, 109-113 

 from streams, 44-45 

 from underground water, 42 

 from weathering, 40-41 

 from wind, 55-56 

 Land plants, see Embryophyta 

 Landslides, 40, 326 

 Larvaceae, 263 

 Laterization, 79 

 Latitude, altitude related, 332 

 eflfect on: climate, 24, 25; migration, 

 343; populations, 347; temperature, 

 304, 305 

 seasons and, 336 

 Lava, 60 

 bridge, 60 

 tunnel, 60 

 Law of priority, 98 

 Layer society, 359 

 Leaflets, 170, 171 

 Leaves, 168-172 



modified into: cones, 179; flowers, 190; 



"vessels," 189 

 occurrence of, 155 

 Leeches, see Hirudinea 

 Lepidopsida, see Lycopsida 

 Lepidoptera, 250, 251 

 Leucon, 195 

 Lianas, 358, 359 

 Lice, biting, see Mallophaga 

 book, see Corrodentia 

 flea or plant, see Homoptera 

 sucking, see Anopleura 

 Lichens, 130, 140, 145-146, 149, 150, 151, 

 158, 164, 334, 362, 363, 372 

 sea, 214 



Life (see also Animals; Biotic factors; Mo- 

 nera; Plants; Protista; Soils; Zona- 

 tion), adaptive and nonadaptive traits 

 of, 119 



areas lacking, 365-366 



basic unit, the organism, 93 



carbon basis of, 27 



characteristics of, 126-127 



classification of, 95-106 



classification as evidence for evolution, 

 116 



colonies. 93 



of continents, 122 



early evolution of, 98-101 



as ecological factor, 333-335 



extinct vs. living, 115, 336 



geological effects of, 56-58 



influenced by water, 27-28 



of islands, 122, 123 



"lower vs. higher," 204 



nature of, 83-94 



nutrient requirements of, 150 



ocean origin of, 27 



organization, levels of, 83-84, 91-94, 148 



origin of, 105-106, 127 



origin of species, 118 



past history, see Biogeography, historical 



planetary limitations of, 27 



relationships, close, 216 



scientific naming of, 97-98 



soil stagnation by, 324 



structure of, 91-94 



symmetry of, 103 



transported by wind, 150 

 Life belt, 390 



Life cycles (see also Aspectation; Biogeo- 

 chemical cycles; Diurnation; Hydro- 

 logic cycle; Phasic cycles; Progres- 

 sion; Regression; Succession), asexual, 

 90-91 



of block mountains, 65 



of carbon, 399 



of coastal plains, 46-47 



of communities, 351 



of complex mountains, 65-66 



of continental glaciers, 51-52 



of coral reefs, 57-58 



of deltas, 44 



diplobiontic, 89-90 



diplohalplontic, 89-90 



diplontic, 90 



of dome mountains, 47 



of dunes, 55 



of earth, 3-5 



of erosion, 38-40 



duration, evolution in Tracheophyta, 

 100-101 



of folded mountains, 64-65 



generalized, 89-90 



geomorphic, 38-40 



haplobiontic, 90 



haplontic, 90 



of horsts, 65 



of hurricanes, 23 



of interior plains, 47 



isolation-recombination, 367, 368, 370 



oflakes, 45, 318 



of local glaciers, 50-51 



of nitrogen, 399 



of organisms, 89-91,98, 100; influenced 

 by competition, 335; influenced by 

 tolerance, 299-300 



perfect stage in fungi, 139 



of phosphorus, 399 



of planets. 3-5 



of plateaus, 47, 48 



of polar fronts, 21, 22 



of populations, 341-342 



of shorelines of emergence, 53-54 



of shorelines of submergence, 54-55 



of slopes, 40 



of soil erosion, 77 



of soil formation, 79 



of stars, 3-5 



of streams, 42-44 



of sulfur, 399 



of tornadoes, 23 



of valleys, 39 



of vulcanism, 61 



of water, see Hydrologic cycle 

 Life form, plant, 302-304 

 Life history, see Life cycle 

 Life spectrum, 83-84 

 Life zones, 385-387 



Light (see also Solar radiation), as ecologi- 

 cal factor, 322-323 



ecological variations and, 335 



in ecosystems, 395, 396 



effect on: lake organisms, 319; Poly- 

 chaeta spawning, 228; water availabil- 

 ity, 308 



as environmental clock, 322 



in fresh water, 315 



migration and, 344 



seasons and, 336 



speed of, 2 



zonation in water, 316-317 

 Light year, 2 

 Lightning, 1 1, 23 

 Lignite, 72, 73 

 Ligule, 174 

 Limestone, 72, 73 

 Limiting factors (see also Environmental 



resistance), 298-300,401 

 Limnetic zone, 316, 317 

 Limpets, see Gastropoda 

 Linguatulida, see Pentastomida 

 Lithosphere, see Earth 

 Littoral zone, 316, 317 



"Living fossils" (see also Geological cal- 

 endar; "Missing links"), 128, 172, 175, 

 176, 185, 216, 231, 256, 274, 275, 286, 

 337 



sites of, 369 

 Lizards, see Sauria 

 Lobsters, see Decapoda 

 Locusts, see Orthoptera 

 Lophophorata, 212, 213-216 

 Lophophore, 21 1, 212, 213, 261 

 Loricata, see Crocodilia 

 "Low," see Pressure areas 

 Lowlands (see also Peneplain; Plains; 



Valleys), 332, 333 

 Lugworm, see Polychaeta 

 Lungfishes, see Dipnoi 

 Lungs, book, 232 

 Lycopodae, 175-176, 177 

 Lycopodiales, 163, 175-176,177 

 Lycopsida, 165, 166, 172,174-176,177,369 



Madreporaria, 57, 202, 203, 213, 376 

 Madro-Tertiary geoflora, 373, 377-383 

 Magellanic clouds, 2 

 Maggots, see Diptera 



