430 



INDEX 



Magma, 58, 70 



Magnetic field, see Magnetism 



Magnetism, of earth, 8 



migration by, 346 

 Maidenhair tree, see Ginkgoae 

 Malacostraca, 238-241, 316 

 Mallophaga, 246-247 



Mammalia {see also Paleontology), 56-57, 

 120, 121, 129, 131, 234, 242, 247, 268, 

 281, 284, 292-296, 306, 307, 316, 322, 

 326, 329, 330, 336, 341-342, 343, 344, 

 345, 370, 385-386, 390-394 

 Mammals (see also Mammalia), egg-laying, 

 see Prototheria 



placental, see Eutheria 



viviparous, see Theria 

 Mandibles, 236 

 Mandibulata, 236-252 

 Manta, see Batoidea 

 Mantid, praying, see Orthoptera 



shrimps, see Stomatopoda 

 Mantidflies, see Neuroptera 

 Mantis, praying, scf Orthoptera 



shrimps, see Stomatopoda 

 Mantle, of barnacles, 238 



of earth, 3 



of mollusks, 217 

 lyjarattiales, 173, 179 

 Marble, 74, 75 

 Marl, 72, 73 

 Mars, see Planets 

 Marsh treaders, see Hemiptera 

 Marshes (see also Alkali marsh; Fresh 



water; Saline marsh), 318 

 Marsileales, 167, 179, 181-182 

 Marsupials, see Metatheria 

 Marsupium, 293 

 Mass movements, 40, 326 

 Mastigophora, KcFlagellata 

 Matterhorn, 50, 51 

 Maxillae, 236 



Mayflies, see Ephemeroptera 

 Mealybugs, see Homoptera 

 Mecoptera, 248, 250 

 Medusae, 198 

 Megaphylls, 169-171 

 Meiosis, 88, 89 

 Mercury, see Planets 

 Meristem, 159, 168 

 Mermaid purses, 273 

 Merostomata, 231 

 Mesoderm, 102, 103 

 Mesophytes, 309, 310 

 Mesozoa, 192, 194 

 Mesozoic Era, 110-111, 374-377 

 Metamerism, 224, 229 



Metamorphosis, complete, in insects, 

 244, 247 



hypermctamorphosis, in insects, 244 



of rocks, 73-74 



simple, in insects, 243-244, 245 

 Metatheria, 293-294,295 

 Mica, 70 



Microhabitats, 301 

 Microphyllopsida, see Lycopsida 

 Microphylls, 169, 170 



Micropyle, 183, 189 



Migration, 291, 295, 342, 343-346 



in alpine areas, 326 



dangers of, 345 



homing mechanisms of, 345-346 



types of, 343 



in vertebrates, 323, 343-346 

 Mildews, powdery, 141 

 Millipedes, see Diplopoda 

 Mimicry, 119, 243 

 Minerals, 68, 69-70 

 Miocene Epoch, 109, 379-380 

 "Missing links" (see also "Living fossils"), 



148, 166,229,230 

 Mississippian Period, 1 1 1 

 Mites, see Acarina 

 Mitosis, 85-87, 89 

 Moisture, see Water 

 Molds, 139-141 



black, 140 



bread, 141 



water, 140 

 Mollusca, 213, 216, 217-223,229, 237, 



259, 260, 274, 276, 343 

 Mollusks, see Mollusca 

 Monaxonida, 196 

 Monera (see also Life), 127-131 



Age of, 138,361 



asexual cycle typical, 90 



in atmospheric cycle, 1 1 



in biogeochemical cycles, 400 



basis of classification, 98-101 



fossils, oldest known, 127 



geological aspects of, 57 



origin of, 98 



as Protista ancestors, 125 



protoplasmic organization of, 91 



reproduction in, 85, 87 



Thallophyta and, 148 

 N'lonocots, see Monocotyledoneae 

 Monocotyledoneae, 189, 190, 191 

 Monotremata, see Prototheria 

 Monsoons, 23 

 Montane zone, 332, 333 

 Moon, 3, 7 



effect on: Polychaeta spawning, 228; 

 tides, 33 

 Moor, 318 

 Moraines, 50, 51, 52 

 Morphogenic regions, 66, 67, 68 

 Mortality, effect on populations, 340, 341, 

 346, 354, 355 



in emigration, 346 



in movements, 346 



rate of, 34 1 



rate and geographic races, 347 

 Mosquito ferns, 182 



Moss animals, see Ectoprocta; Entoprocia 

 Mosses (see also Musci), black, see Andreales 



common, see Bryales 



club, see Lycopodiales 



peat, see Sphagnales 



rock, see Andreales 



spike, see Selaginellales 

 Moths, see Lepidoptera 



Mountains (see also Alpine areas; Altitude; 

 Exposure; Slopes; Topography; Vol- 

 canoes; Vulcanism), batholiths and, 59 



block, 64, 65 



complex, 65-66 



cuestas, 46 



dome, 47, 49, 59, 61-62, 64 



drowned, 55 



dunes, 55, 56 



ecological factors of, 324 



erosion of, 50 



erosional, 41, 45, 46, 47, 50, 52, 55 



faulted, 64-65 



first, 4 



folded (see also Anticlines), 64-65 



formation by streams, 45 



glaciated in Pleistocene, 51 



from glaciers, 49, 50, 52 



guyots, 30 



horsts, 65 



most extensive, 30 



in oceans, 30 



periods of formation, 4 



soil of, 332 



tallest, 30 



temperature of, 305 

 Movements (see also Emigration; Immigra- 

 tion; Migration), 294-295 



active vs. passive, 339 



autonomous, 84-85 



cliseral, 304 



effect on communities, 353-354; popula- 

 tions, 342-346, 354, 355 



intercontinental, 383-384 

 Musci, 146, 156, 157, 158, 162-164, 334, 



358, 362, 363, 372 

 Mushrooms, 141, 143-145 

 Mussels, see Pelecypoda 

 Mutations, 1 17 



Mutualism (see also Biogeographical dy- 

 namics), 140, 145, 159, 162, 168, 173, 

 174,333,334 

 Mycelium, 139 

 Mycorrhiza, 140 

 Myriapoda, 242 

 Mysidacea, 239 

 Myxamoeba, 137 

 Myxinoidea, 266, 268, 270-271 

 Myxomycophyta, 99, 137-138 



Natural selection (see also Biogeographical 

 dynamics), 1 19 

 efTect on communities, 354 

 Nautili, see Cephalopoda 

 Nearctic Region, 385 

 Nebaliaceae, 239 

 Nekton, 316 

 Nematocysts, 199 



Nematoda, 208, 209, 210-211, 316, 329 

 Nematomorpha, 208, 209, 210 

 Nemertea, 192, 205, 207-208, 316 

 Nemertinea, see Nemertea 

 Neornithes, 289-292 

 Neotropical Region, 385 



