INDEX 



431 



Neotropical-Tertiary geoflora, 371, 373, 

 376-383 



Nephridia, 217, 224, 230 



Neptune, set Planets 



Nereids, see Polychaeta 



Nerve cord, hollow, 261. 263 



Nerve net, 199, 204 



Nervous system, ladder type, 205, 208, 

 211,224,229 



Neuroptera, 247, 250 



Neuston, 316 



Neutralism {see also Biogeographical dy- 

 namics), 333, 334 



Neve, 49, 50 



Newt, 99 



Niche, 393-394, 396-398 



Nitrogen {see also Nitrogen cycle), in 

 atmospheric cycle, 10, 11 

 fixation of, 129, 130 

 in living substance, 83, 91 



Nitrogen cycle, 10, 11, 129, 399 



Nival zone, 333 



Nocturnal {see also Diurnalion), 336 



Nodes, stem, 168, 169 



Nomads, 343, 353 



Nomenclature, 97-98 



Nonadaptive characters, 119 



North American floras and faunas, 371-383 



Notochord, 261, 263 



Notostraca, 236-237 



Nucellus, 183, 190 



Nucleic acids, 105, 126-127 



Nucleus, 85, 91,92 



Nutrients, 150, 331 



Nutrition, 85, 192,400 



Nymph, 243, 244 



Oceania Region, 385 



Oceans {see also Shorelines), 27-37 



animal fluids and, 192 



commensalism in, 334 



currents of, 31-33 



deeps of, 30, 279 



deep-water upwelling, 32-33 



ecology vs. land, 311-312 



eff^ect on: coastal succession, 315; 

 fish physiology, 311 



first, 4 



floor sediments, 29-30 



floor topography, 29 



guyots, 30 



habitats, 311-315 



level and glaciation, 51 



life's dependence on, 27 



life's origin in, 127 



lightof, 316-317, 322, 323 



mountains, 30 



organisms of, 129, 130, 134, 136, 137, 

 149, 150, 151, 152, 154, 155, 195, 199, 

 203, 205, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 

 214, 215, 216, 217, 223, 226, 229, 254 

 214, 215, 216, 217, 223, 226, 229, 254, 

 261, 262, 263, 268, 280, 295-296, 312- 

 314, 345 



organisms, diurnation in, 343 



organism types in, 315-316 



pressure of, 29 



Protistan origin in, 131 



salinity of, 4, 29, 306 



temperature of, 13, 28, 32-33, 306 



tides of, 33-34 



waves of, 34-36 

 Octopuses, see Cephalopoda 

 Odonata, 247, 249 

 Oligocene Epoch, 109, 378-379 

 Oligochaeta, 56-57, 209, 228-229, 316, 



329, 330 

 Olivine, 69 

 Oitinivores, 396 

 Onychophora, 229, 230, 236 

 Operculum, 273, 275 

 Ophidia, see Serpentes 

 Ophiocistioidea, 256 

 Ophioglossales, 179-180 

 Ophiuroidea, 192, 260, 312 

 Opiliones, see Phalangida 

 Order, 98 



Ordovician Period, 1 12 

 Organ systems, 93 

 Organelles, 132 



Organic matter, plant source, 327-328 

 Organization in nature, 1, 8-9, 401 

 Organs, 92-93 

 Oriental region, 385 

 Orthogenesis, 119-120, 167 

 Orthoptera, 210, 245 

 Osmosis, 311 



Osteichthyes, 266, 268, 270,' 271, 275-279 

 Ostracoda, 237,238,316 

 Ostracoderms, 266, 268, 269 

 Overgrazing, 331, 335, 399 

 Overpopulation, 343, 346 

 Ovipositor, 243 

 Ovules, 183, 189, 191 

 Ovum, see Gametes 

 Ox-bows, see Lakes 



Oxygen {see also Atmosphere), in air stag- 

 nation, 323-324 



in atmospheric cycle, 10, 11 



effect on: aquatic plants, 309; weather- 

 ing, 40 



in fresh water, 315 



inlakes, 317, 318 



limited in alpine areas, 324 



in living substance, 83, 91 



in photosynthesis, 85 



from rocks, 68 

 Oysters, see Pelecypoda 



Paddlelish, see Chondrostei 



Palearctic Region, 385 



Paleocene Epoch, 110, 377-378 



Paleogeography, 374-384 



Paleontology {see also Biogeography, his- 

 torical), 108-113, 374-384 



Paleozoic Era, 111-112, 374 



Palpigrada, 233, 234 



Parallelism, evolutionary, 122 



Parapodia, 226 



Parasites, 129, 131, 134, 135, 136, 137, 



138, 139, 146, 151, 156, 159, 190, 194, 

 199, 205, 208, 209, 210, 217, 221, 223, 



226, 229, 235, 238, 244, 270, 292, 334, 

 358, 359, 396 

 Parasitism {see also Biogeographical dy- 

 namics), 334 



adaptations for, 194, 206-207, 210 



fire and, 330 



flowers modified by, 190 



fungi and, 140 



influenced by light, 323 



nutrition and, 85 



Sporozoa and, 135 



viruses and, 126 

 Parazoa, 192, 194 

 Parthenogenesis, 88, 139, 151, 190, 209, 



21 1, 237, 238, 242, 243, 247, 340 

 Pauropoda, 242,329 

 Peat, 72, 73 



Peat mosses, see Sphagnales 

 "Pecking order" {see also Social domi- 

 nance), 348-349 

 Pecten, 346 

 Pedalfers, 81 

 Pedicel, flower, 190 

 Pedipalpi, 233,234,329 

 Pedipalps, 231 

 Pedocals, 81 

 Pegmatite, 71 

 Pelecypoda, 88, 192, 208, 214-215, 217, 



220-222, 312, 313, 315, 316, 327 

 Pelmatozoa, 256 

 Peneplain, 39 

 Pennatuiacea, 202, 203 

 Pennsylvanian Period, 1 1 1 

 Pentactula, 254-255, 268 

 Pentastomida, 235, 236 

 Pepperworts, 182 

 Perennials, 346 

 Perianth, 190 

 Period, 108 



Periodicity, see Aspectation 

 Periphyton, 316 

 Permian Period, 1 1 1 

 Petal, 190 



Petioles, leaf, 170, 171 

 Petromyzontoidea, 266, 268, 270-271 

 pH, 40-41, 328 

 Phaeophyta, 93, 149, 152-154, 156, 31 1- 



312, 313, 314 

 Phalangida, 232,233,329 

 Phanerophytes, 303 

 Phanerozoic Eon, 109-1 12 

 Phasic cycles, 354-355 

 Phenology, 335 

 Phloem, 153, 156, 168, 169 

 Phoromda, 213, 214,215 

 Phosphorus cycle, 399 

 Photoperiodism, 323 

 Photosynthesis, in atmospheric cycle, 1 1 



in bacteria, 129 



in biogeochemical cycles, 400 



in lake cycles, 317 



light and, 322, 323 



as a nutrition type, 85 



oxygen origin and, 4 



site of, 92, 168 

 Phycomycetes, 140-141, 168, 334 



