432 



INDEX 



Phyllode, leaf, 170, 172 



Phylogeny {set^ also accounts of kingdoms 



and phyla; introductions to chapters treating 

 organisms), 98-1 13 

 Phylum, 100 

 Physiology, effect on isolation, 1 17 



as evidence for evolution, 1 14 



of ocean vs. land life, 3 1 1 



of stress, 342 



tolerance and, 299 



in vertebrate dormancy, 306 

 Pillbugs, see isopoda 

 Pillworts, 181-182 

 Pinnacles, 41, 47 

 Pisces, 131, 266-279, 281, 285, 286, 295, 



311,316,343,344 

 Pistils, 189, 190 

 Placenta, 294 



Placoderms, 266, 268, 269, 270 

 Plains {see also Lowlands), coastal {see also 

 Shorelines of emergence), 46-47 



ecological factors of, 324 



glacial, 52 



interior, 47 



outwash, 52 



soil of, 332 



stream or flood type, 43 

 Planctosphaeroidea, 262 

 Planets, 5-7 

 Plankton, 316 



Plants (iff also Age classes; Biogeographical 

 dynamics; Life), 148-191 



of alpine areas, 325-326 



ancestors of, 134, 149 



animals vs., 192 



in atmospheric cycle, 10-11, 323 



in biogeochemical cycles, 400 



classification basis, 98-101 



coastal, 324 



deciduous, 308-309 



definition of, 148 



of deserts, 309, 310 



division of labor in, 351 



early evolution of, 98-101 



ecological role of, 300 



ecosystems and, 396 



effect on: animals, 334-335; communi- 

 ties, 358-359; plants, 334; plateaus, 

 47; soils, 75, 327-329; temperature, 

 304. 305-306; weathering, 40 



as environmental indicators, 300 



fire adapted, 330-331 



Fungi alliance, 137 



geological aspects of, 56 



of intertidal habitats, 313-314 



influenced by: light, 322-323; morpho- 

 genic regions, 66, 67; pH, 328; to- 

 pography, 331-333; water, 307, 308- 

 310, 328; wind, 324 



layering of, 358-359 



life cycle of, 89 



life forms of, 302-304 



mycorrhiza association ol, 140 



origin of, 98 



predaceous, 190 



Protista affinities ol, 131 1 32 



reproduction in, 86, 87, 88 



of saline areas, 328-329 



stream erosion and, 42 



succession of, 362-364 



zonation of, 332-333 

 Plasmodium, 137, 138 

 Plastids, 91,92, 133, 148, 156 

 Plastron, 285 

 Plateaus, 47, 48, 332 

 Platyhelminthes, 86, 192, 194, 2U4, 205- 



207,208,211,213 

 Platypus, see Prototheria 

 Plecoptera, 246 



Pleistocene Epoch, 49, 51. 109, 381-382 

 Pliocene Epoch, 109, 380-381 

 Pluto, see Planets 

 Podsolization, 79 



Pogonophora, 254, 261, 262-263, 268 

 Poikilothermism, see Ectotherms 

 Pollen, 101, 183, 190, 191 

 Pollen sac, 183, 190 

 Pollen tube, 183, 189 

 Pollination, 243 

 PoUiwog, 282 



Polychaeta, 215, 223, 226-228,312, 313 

 Polynoids, see Polychaeta 

 Polyps, 198 



Polyphylletic group, 209 

 Polyzoa, see Ectoprocta 

 Pond, 318 



Population cycles, animal movements and, 

 353 



in animal populations, 354-356 

 Populations {see also Compensation; Limit- 

 ing factors; Regulation; .Steady slate), 

 339-350 



antagonistic forces in, 339 



biogeographical succession of, 364-365 



composition of, 346-347 



cycles in, 341-342 



density control in, 357 



extinction of, 340 



fluctuations in, 340-349 



influenced by temperature, 299 



minimum size of, 339 



nonsocial, 347 



origin of, 339 



overpopulation in, 343 



social, 348-349 



spatial relations in, 342-349 



variations in, 341-349, 354-355 

 Porifera, 87, 99, 131, 192, 194-196, 208, 



220,316 

 Porphyry, 71 



Portuguese man-of-war, 200 

 Preactualistic Phase, 4, 105-106, U2-U3, 



127 

 Preadaptation, 120 

 Precambrian, 108, 112-113 

 Precipitation {see also Clouds), air mass 

 source, 19-20 



atmospheric moisture and, 14 



cH'ect on: climate. 302; deserts, 55-56; 

 erosion, 41 ; glaciers, 49; migration, 

 344; plateaus, 47, 48; sediments, 72; 



stream erosion, 42; water availability, 

 308, 328 



as a habitat indicator, 308 



"lows" and, 18 



seasons and, 336 



topography and, 331-332 



types of, 21-23 



world average and range, 41 

 Predation {see also Biogeographical dy- 

 namics), 334, 343, 345 

 Predators, 334 



Pressure {see also Pressure areas), in air 

 masses, 19 



effect on: rdcks, 73, 74; winds, 14 



in oceans, 29 

 Pressure areas, 18-21 



cyclones, 21, 22, 23 



effect on: deserts, 24; glaciers, 51 

 Prey, 334 



Priapuloidea, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 223 

 Producers, 129, 130, 133, 150, 395-400 

 Production, 318, 395-400 

 Profundal zone, 316, 317 

 Proglottids, 207 



Progression, ecological, 355, 356 

 Proterozoic, 1 12 

 Protista {see also Life), 131-146 



algae confused with, 148 



asexual cycle in, 90 



in biogeochemical cycles, 400 



classification basis, 98-101 



in caves, 322 



fossils, oldest, 127 



Monera alliance, 125 



origin of, 98 



as plants or animals, 131-132 



reproduction in, 85, 87, 88 



Thallophyta and, 148 

 Protonema, 157, 160, 162, 163, 164 

 Protoplasm, 84, 91 



any living substance, 84 



circulation of elements in. 399-400 



as a level of organization, 91 

 Protopodite, 230 

 Prototheria, 293 

 Protozoa, 90, 98, 99, 131, 132-137,205, 



237,238,246,315, 329 

 Protura, 244 



Pseudocoelom, 208, 209, 211, 260 

 Pseudocoelomata, 208-212 

 Pseudopodia. 133. 137 

 Pseudoscorpionida. 232, 233 

 Psilopsida, 158, 165, 166. 167. 168, 172- 



174,179, 180,369 

 Psilotae, 174 

 Pteridophytes, 167, 168, 172-182, 183 



gametophytes of, 167-168 



spores of, 167-168 

 Pteridospermae, 369, 374 

 Pterobranchia, 87, 213, 261-262 

 Pteropsida, 165, 166, 172, 178-191 

 Ptcrygota, 245-252 

 Pupa, 244 

 Purple sailor, 200 

 Pycnogonida, 231 

 Pyroxenes. 69 



