INDEX 



433 



Quartz, b9 



Quaternary Period, 109, 381-383 



Quillworts, Iff Isoetales 



Races, geographic, 96, 117-118, 347 



Rachis, leaf, 170. 172 



Radiata, 196-204 



Radioactive dating, 106-107 



Radiolaria, 13.S 



Radula, 217 



Rafting, 56, 383-384 



Rain shadows, 24, 332 



Rainbows, 12 



Rattishes. see Holocephali 



Rays, see Batoidea 



Rear-horse, see Neuroptera 



Recent Epoch, 109, 383 



Receptacle, of ferns, 179 



of flowers, 190 

 Red tides, 134 

 Redbugs, see Acarina 

 Reefs, 57-58, 150 



Regeneration, 87, 196, 205, 208, 330, 331 

 Regression, ecological, 335, 356, 360, 400 



evolutionary, 1 19 

 Regulation, of aquatic animal body fluids, 

 311 



of the atmosphere, 10-11, 323 



of climate, 25-26 



of communities, 351, 357 



of ecosystems, 395-400, 401 



of geomorphic cycles, 38-40 



by limiting factors, 299 



of succession, 363 

 Relationship, degree of, 121, 216 

 Relict. 123 



Reproduction {see also Life cycles of or- 

 ganisms), 85-91 



asexual, 85-87, 88, 89, 90. 91. 340 



conjugation. 13b 



early evolution of, 98-101 



effect on: populations, 339, 340, 341, 342, 

 343, 346, 347; spatial relations, 343; 

 species, 96 



isolation mechanisms and. 1 19 



land vs. water, 89 



lichens unique, 146 



migration and, 344 



periodicity. 340 



potential, 341 



rate of, 340, 341, 346,347 



sexual, 87-89,90, 91,340 



sporulation, 87,89 



stress and, 342 



types and reproductive rate, 340 



vegetative, 87,89, 90,91 

 Reptilia [see alsu Paleontology), 267, 268, 

 284-289, 290, 291, 293, 329, 330, 

 343, 346, 370. 374, 394 

 Residents, 353 

 Resin ducts, 186 

 Respiratory tree, 256 

 Rhagon, 195 

 Rhizome, 172 

 Rhizophore, 175 

 Rhizopoda, 134-135 



Rhodophyta, 57, 93, 154, 155, 314 

 Rhynchocephalia, 284, 285-286 

 Rhynchocoela, see Nemertea 

 Ria shorelines, 54 

 Ribbonworms, iff Nemertea 

 Roaches, see Orthoptera 

 Rock group, 108 

 Rock series, 108 

 Rock steps, 50, 51 

 Rock system, 108 

 Rocks, 68-75 



acidic, 71,328 



alkaline, 71, 328 



in atmospheric cycle, 1 1 



basic, 71,328 



clastic, 72 



dating of, 106-107 



definition of, 68-69 



effect on: climate, 68; land forms, 68; 

 soils, 75 



felsitic, 70-71 



foliate, 74 



a food source, 68 



forms and structures of, 74-75 



granitoid, 71 



igneous, 70-71, 75 



metamorphic, 73-75 



nonclastic, 72 



nonfoliate, 74 



pegmatite, 71 



porphyritic, 71 



pyroclastic, 71 



sedimentary, 46, 71-73, 75 



types of, 70-75 



veins in, 72-73 

 Rockweeds, 153,313 

 Roots, 155, 168,169 



occurrence, 155, 168 

 Rotation of earth, effect on: ocean currents, 

 31-32; world winds, 15 



migration and, 346 

 Rotatoria, 208, 209,210,213, 237, 316, 



329 

 Rotifera, see Rotatoria 

 Roundworms, see Nemaloda 

 Rubble, 78 

 Runofi, 328 



Rushes, scouring, see .Sphenopsida 

 Rusts, 141 



white, 140 



Salamanders, see Caudata 



Salienlia, 237, 282-284,316 



Saline areas {see also .Saline marsh), 328- 



329 

 Saline marsh, coastal, 44, 53. 165, 314, 329 



inland, 322, 329 

 Salinity, effect on: bays and estuaries, 



313; coastal succession, 315; fish 



physiology, 311; lakes, 321-322; 



oceans, 29, 32; soil, 328-329 

 and fresh water, 315 

 Salviniales, 167, 179, 182,183 

 Sand, 77 



Sand dollars, see Echinoidea 

 Santanna, see Foehns 



Saprophytes, 129, 138, 139, 151, 156, 328, 



334,' 358, 359, 396, 400 

 Saprophytism, 85, 138, 140, 334 

 Sarcodina, 134-135,137, 195 

 Satellites, see Moon 

 Saturn, see Planets 

 Sauria, 242, 284, 285, 286-287, 288 

 Sawfish, see Batoidea 

 Sawflies, see Hymenoptera 

 Scale insects, see Homoptera 

 Scallops, see Pelecypoda 

 Scaphopoda, 217, 218 

 Scavengers, 220, 229, 230, 239, 241, 242, 

 243,259,271,283,396 



nutrition of, 85 

 Schist, 74, 75 

 Schizocoel, 213 

 Schizocoela, 213-252 

 Schizophyta, 11, 57, 91, 99, 128-129, 130, 

 137, 138, 139, 150, 243, 306, 316, 322, 

 334, 395, 400 

 Scientific names, 97-98 

 Sclerotia, 137, 138 

 Scolex, 207 



Scorpion flies, see Mecoptera 

 •Scorpionida, 232,233,329 

 Scorpions, false, 232 



micro whip, see Palpigrada 



pseudoscoprions, 232 



sea, 231 



true, see Scorpionida 



water, see Hemiptera 



whip, see Pedipalpi 



wind, see Solpugida 

 Scouring rushes, see Sphenopsida 

 Scuds, see Amphipoda 

 Scyphozoa, 90, 99, 200-202, 313 

 Sea anemones, sff Zoantharia 

 Sea blubbers, see Ascidiaceae 

 Sea clubs, see Ascidiaceae 

 Sea cradles, see Amphineura 

 Sea cucumbers, iff Holothuroidea 

 Sea fans, .''03 

 Sea feathc i, 203 

 Sea hares, iff Gastropoda 

 Sea lettuce, 313 

 Sea lichens, 214 

 Sea lilies, iff Crinoidea 

 Sea mouse, iff Polychaeta 

 Sea pansy, 202, 203 

 Sea pens, 202,203,313 

 Sea plumes. 199 

 Sea pork, iff Ascidiaceae 

 Sea scorpions, 231 

 Sea spiders, 231 

 Sea squirts, iff Ascidiaceae 

 Sea stars, iff Asteroidea 

 Sea urchins, iff Echinoidea 

 Sea walnuts, iff Ctenophora 

 Seasons, iff Aspectation 

 Seavseeds (iff a/io Chlorophyta; Phaeo- 

 phyta; Rhodophyta), 149, 313, 314 

 Sectors, 336, 337 

 Sedge-meadow, 320 



Sedimentation, 53, 58, 72-73, 318, 363, 40(1 

 Seed plants, see Spcrmatophytes 



