INDEX 



435 



sea, see Asteroidea 



serpent, see Ophiuroidea 

 Statoblast. 87 

 Stauromedusae, 201, 202 

 Steady state, 401-402 

 Stele, see Veins in plants 

 Stems, 156,168,169 



occurrence of, 155 

 Stigma, 133 

 Stingrays, see Batoidea 

 Stipes, algal, 152-153, 154 

 Stipules, leaf, 170, 171 

 Stocks, 59 



Stolonifera, 201-203 

 Stoma, 156, 159 

 Stomatopoda, 239 

 Stone, 69 



Stoneflies, see Plecoptera 

 Stoneworts, see Charophyta 

 Storms, 23 

 Strands, 314-315 



Stratification, see Zonation, in communities 

 Streams (see also Lakes; Water), 42-45 



capture of, 43 



of coastal plains, 46 



deltas of, 44 



of dome mountains, 47, 49 



drainage patterns of, 45 



effect on: block mountains, 65; folded 

 mountains, 64; temperature, 319 



erosion by, 57 



in erosion cycle, 39 



glacial, 50, 52 



habitats of, 322 



of interior plains, 47 



levees of, 44 



meanders of, 43, 44 



terraces of, 44 



tidal, 53 

 Strepsiptera, 251, 252 

 Stress (see also Environmental resistance), 



343 

 Strike, 61, 62 

 Strobila, tapeworm, 207 

 Stromatolites, 149 

 Sturgeons, see Chondrostei 

 Sub-, as taxon prefix, 96 

 Subalpine zone, 332, 333 

 Subdominant species, 366, 367-368, 369 

 Subordinate species, 366, 367-368, 369 

 Subsidence, 40, 42 

 Subsoil, 76 

 Subspecies, 96, 347 

 Subtropical scrub, 373, 376, 379-380 

 ■Succession (see also Biogeographical dy- 

 namics), 359-364 



basis of sequences, 363 



biogeographical, 361-362, 365-370 



blue-green algae and, 130 



causes of, 360 



coastal, 314-315 



community types in. 360 



effect on; communities, 355, 356; lake 

 habitats, 318-319; soils, 82 



equilibrium in, 357, 359-360 



fresh-water, 318-322, 363-364 



geological aspects of, 56 



hydrarch, 318-322, 363-364 



influenced by fire, 330, 331 



kinds of, 360-362 



land, 362-363 



lichens and, 146 



mosses in, 158, 164 



nutrient imbalance in, 399-400 



occurrence of, 360 



primary, 360 



secondary, see Regression, ecological 



shoreline, 314-315 



stratification, 359 



xerarch, 362-363 

 Succulents, 309, 310, 315,329 

 Suctoria, 136-137 

 Sulfur cycle, 399 

 Sun, 5, 6-9 



effect on tides, 33 



migration by, 346 

 Sunspots, 7 



•Super-, as taxon prefix, 96 

 ,Superorganism, 351-352 

 Swamp, 318 

 Swarm cell, 137 

 Sweepstake route, 122 

 Swim bladder, 275 

 Sycon, 195 



Symbiosis (see also Biogeographical dy- 

 namics), 333-334 

 Symmetry, 103 

 Symphyla, 242, 329 

 Synclines, 62-63 

 Synergism, 298, 339, 402 



Tadpole, frog or toad, 282 



tunicate, see Larvacea 

 Taiga. 372 

 Tanaidacea, 239 

 Tapeworms, see Cestoda 

 Tarantulas. 234-235 

 Tardigrada, 235-236, 316, 329 

 Taxa, 97 



form-types of, 145 

 Taxales, 186,188 

 Taxonomic categories, 95-97 

 Taxonomic revisions, 98 

 Taxonomy, see Life, classification of 

 Teleostei, 221, 222, 223, 229, 234, 238, 



239, 246, 247, 260, 266, 268. 278-279, 

 322, 345 

 Telestacea, 201, 203 

 Telsontails, see Protura 

 Temperature, in air masses, 20 

 atmospheric, 11, 13-14 

 blue-green algal tolerance of, 130 

 body: in amphibians, 280; in reptiles, 

 284; in birds, 291 ; in mammals, 294 

 in community layering, 359 

 as ecological factor, 298, 304-307, 



304-305, 335 

 efTect on: alpine habitats, 324-326; 

 bays and estuaries, 313; climate, 302; 

 glaciation, 51; Polychaeta spawning, 

 228; rocks, 73, 74; weathering, 40; 

 winds, 14-15, 324 

 in foehn winds, 20 

 freezing, in animals, 215. 327 

 fresh-water. 317-318 



influenced by: humus. 328; land, 13; 

 soil, 327 



inversion of, 305, 331 



in lakes, 317-318 



life sensitivity to. 21 1. 215 



migration and, 344 



of oceans, 13, 28, 31, 32 



ocean vs. land, 28 



plants and, 308 



seasons and, 336 



social behavior and, 349 



streams and, 319 



topography and, 331-332 



waterand.'l3. 28. 310. 317. 328 



zonation in lakes, 317-318 

 Tepal, 190 



Termites, see Isoptera 

 Terraces, 45 



Terrapins, see Testudinata 

 Territory, 335, 342, 343 

 Tertiary Period, 109, 377-381 

 Testudinata, 284, 285,316 

 Tetractinellida. 196 

 Tetrapoda. 268, 276, 279-296 

 Thaliaceae, 263-264 

 Thallophyta, 148 

 Thallus, 148 

 Theria, 293-296 

 Thermocline, 317 

 Therophytes, 303 

 Thickets, 320 

 Thorn, stem, 172 

 Thrips, see Thysanoptera 

 Thunderstorms, 23 

 Thysanoptera, 247 

 Thysanura, 244 

 Ticks, see Acarina 

 Tidal waves, 34-35 

 Tides, 33-34 



as ecological factor, 312, 313 



effect on Polychaeta spawning, 228 



red, 134 

 Till, 52 

 Tissues, 92 

 Toads, see ,Salientia 

 Toadstools, see Mushrooms 

 Tolerance, 298-299 

 Topography (see also Land forms), as 

 ecological factor, 331-333, 354 



effect on: climate, 23-25; climaxes, 360; 

 deserts, 24-25; mass movements, 325; 

 soils, 76, 325; stream erosion, 42; 

 temperature, 304, 305; water availabil- 

 ity, 325, 328; winds, 14 



habitats, 332-333 



rock basis of, 68 

 Topsoil, 76 

 Tornado, 23 



Tortoises, see Testudinata 

 Tracheae, 230. 232. 243 

 Tracheophyta (see also Paleontology), 92, 

 93, 99. 100, 149. 155-156, 157-158, 

 165-191, 346 

 Trachylina, 197, 199-200,204 316 

 Trachystomata, 281-282 

 Transformation, 129,395-396,400 

 Transients, 353 

 Transpiration, 307, 310, 322, 323, 328 



