436 



INDEX 



Trees, 186 



Trematoda, 88, 206-207 



Triassic Period, 111, 374, 375 



Tribe, 96 



Trichocysts, 133, 135 



Trichoptera, 248, 250, 251 



Trilobita, 230 



Trochophore, 213, 254 



Tuatara, see Rhynchocephalia 



Tube feet, 256 



Tundra, 372 



Tunicata, 87. 194, 201, 208, 220, 263-366, 



268,313 

 Turbellaria, 205-206,316, 329 

 Turtles, see Testudinaia 



Ultraviolet light, 7, 1 1 

 Unconformity, 58 

 Univalves, see Gastropoda 

 Universe, 1-3 



Uplifting, geological, 61, 62 

 Uranus, see Planets 

 Urchins, sea, see Echinoidea 

 Urochordata, see Tunicata 

 Urodela, see Caudata 



Vacuoles, 91, 92 



Valleys, associated with plateaus, 47 



drowned, 54-55 



in erosion cycle, 39 



glacial, 50, 51 



grabens, 66 



from streams, 43 



temperature of, 304, 305 

 Variety, 96, 347 



Vascular plants, i*-*- Tracheophyta 

 Vegetation types, 387, 388 

 Veins, in plants, 156, 168, 169, 189 



in rocks, 72-73 

 Velum, 199 



Venation, in leaves, 169-171 

 Venus, see Planets 

 Venus "s girdles, see Ctenophora 

 Vertebral column, 266 

 Vertebrata, 1 14, 206, 207, 209, 229, 235, 



263, 266-296, 306-307 

 Vessel, of seeds, 184, 189 

 Vinegaroons, see Pedipalpi 

 Vipers, see Serpentes 

 Viruses, 105-106, 125-127,234 

 Visitants, 353 

 Volcanoes, 58-61 



in atmospheric cycle, 10, 11 



drainage of, 45 



effect on tidal waves, 31 

 lakes from, 318, 319,321 

 of oceans, 30 

 Vulcanism (see also Volcanoes), 58-61 

 in Biogeochcmical cycles. 400 



Walking sticks, see Orthoplcra 

 Wampum, 218,220, 221 

 Warm-blooded, see Endothermism 

 Warping, geological, 61. 62 

 V\ asps, see Hymenoptera 

 Water (see also Fresh water; Hydrologic 

 cycle; Lakes; (Oceans; Streams), air 



masses content of, 20 



in atmospheric cycle, 10, 1 1 



availability, 14, 307-308 



capacity of air, 14 



climate and, 26, 329 



clouds and, see Clouds 



3s ecological factor, 298, 307-322, 335 



effect on: alpine habitats, 324; communi- 

 ties, 358, 359; erosion, 38-39, 51 ; 

 temperature, 305; weathering, 40; 

 winds, 324 



in foehn winds, 20 



level regulated by lakes, 45 



metabolic, 310 



organisms and, 167, 168, 172, 280, 

 284, 307 



physiological restriction of, 329 



pollen transported by, 189, 190 



properties of, 27-28 



reproduction in, 89 



rocks and, 68, 72, 73 



seasons and, 336 



soils and, 77, 324, 327, 328 



succession in, 314-315, 318-322, 363-364 



surface and underground. 41-42 



table, 41 

 Water bears, see Tardigrada 

 Water boatman, see Hemiptera 

 Water clovers, 182 

 Water measurers, see Hemiptera 

 Water striders, see Hemiptera 

 Waterdogs, see Caudata 

 Waterfalls, 42, 45, 50, 51 

 Watershed, 33 1 

 Waterspout, 23 

 Water-vascular system, 256 

 Waves, 52-55 



cause of, 34 



as ecological factor, 312 



effect on: Polychaeta spawning, 228; 

 sedimentation, 72 



erosion mechanisms ol, 35 



tidal, 34-35 



types of, 34 

 Weather, see Climate; Clouds 

 Weathering, 40-4 1 



glaciated areas with, 51 



jointing caused by, 63 

 Web of life, 93 

 Webs, 232. 235, 246 

 Web-spinners, see Embioptcra 

 Wharfs, 313 



Wheel animalcules, see Rotatoria 

 Whisk ferns, see Psilopsida 

 Whitefiies, see Homoptera 

 Wilting resistance. 310 

 Wind chill, 325 

 Wind gap, 46 

 Winds, 14-15, 55-56 



in communities, 358, 359 



as ecological factor. 324-327, 335 



effect on: climate, 25; coastal succession, 

 316; lake cycle, 317-318; ocean tem- 

 perature, 31; sedimentation, 72; rocks, 

 72; temperature, 305 

 migration and, 345 

 planetarv. 15 



pollen transported by, 184, 189, 190 



topography and, 332 



transport life, 150 



velocity of, 324-325 



water availability and, 308 

 Wings, 242, 289, 292 

 Wood lice, see Isopoda 

 Woodlands, 373 



fringing or gallery, 321 

 Worms, acorn, see Hemichordata 



arrow, see Chaetognatha 



beard, see Pogonophora 



bladder, 207 



bristle, see Oligochaeta 



cavity, see Acanthocephala 



clam, see Polychaeta 



club, see Priapuloidea 



earthworms, see Oligochaeta 



fan, see Polychaeta 



feather-duster, see Polychaeta 



fork-tailed, see Gastrotricha 



hookworms, see Nematoda 



horsehair, see Nematomorpha 



horseshoe, see Phoronida 



joint-legged, see Onychophora 



lugworms, see Polychaeta 



nereids, see Polychaeta 



peanut, see Sipunculoidea 



predaceous, see Polychaeta 



proboscis, see Polychaeta 



ribbonworms, see Nemertea 



roundworms, see Nematoda 



scale, see Polychaeta 



sea mice, see Polychaeta 



segmented, see Annelida 



spiny-crowned, see Kinorhyncha 



spiny-headed, see Acanthocephala 



tapeworms, see Cestoda 



tentacle, see Polychaeta 



thousand-legged, see Diplopoda 



toiigue, see Pentastomida 



Xanthopnyceae, 152 

 Xerophytes, 309, 310 

 Xiphosura, 231 

 Xylem, 156, 168, 169 



Yeasts, 141 

 \'ews, see Taxales 



Zoantharia, 202,203,231, 312,313 

 Zoanthidea, 202. 203 

 Zonation. in communities. 313-314, 

 358-359 

 in intertidal habitats. 313-314 

 in lakes, 317 



of life: influenced by environmental 

 gradients, 354; influenced by tem- 

 perature inversion, 305; influenced 

 by tolerance, 300; influenced by 

 topography, 332-333; in lakes, 318- 

 319; in plant habitats, 332 

 of light in water, 316-317 

 of microhabitats, 301 

 of temperature in water, 317-318 

 Zoogeographic realms, 384-385 

 Zygote, 85, 87, 90 



