7 



78 THEORETICAL BIOLOGY 



and the regularity of the increase in this distance are 

 determined for colours and for sounds, for smells and for 

 flavours, just as for temperature and for sensations of touch. 



Just as the distance separating two places and the direc- 

 tion this separation takes, remain immutable, so also does the 

 difference in colour between two impure tints and the direc- 

 tion of the increase in its intensity. A degree of hardness 

 differs from another degree of hardness or of softness accord- 

 ing to the number of thresholds, as well as by the direction of 

 increase, exactly in the same way that a certain low note in 

 the scale remains always as far removed from a certain high 

 note, and can never change places with it. 



When indications make their appearance in the world, 

 they are already in the grip of these laws, and this without 

 any reference to the objects with which they are associated. 



As soon as indications appear in the world, caught, so to 

 speak, by the bull's-eye lantern of our attention, the process 

 of apperception sets in, and creates from them new structures, 

 i.e. things, objects and implements. In the following chapter 

 we shall deal fully with the nature of this process. Here we 

 shall merely point out that each new formation appears as a 

 unity, and then, in its turn, becomes an indication. Our 

 world is filled with these indications, which we usually describe 

 as objects ; but we must not forget that, one and all, objects 

 are built up from the indication-material of our qualities. 



THE OBSERVER AND THE WORLDS OF OTHERS 



If an observer has before him an animal whose world 

 he wishes to investigate, he must first and foremost realise 

 that the indications that make up the world of this other 

 creature are his own, and do not originate from the mark- 

 signs of the animal's subject, which he cannot know in the 

 least. Consequently, these indications are, one and all, 



