THE WORLD OF LIVING ORGANISMS 143 



not thought things out on sufficiently theoretical lines ; and 

 consequently the results they have achieved have no value 

 at all. Who, having the slightest idea of what an implement 

 is, would straightway proceed to the hardest problem of all, 

 and confront an animal with one designed for man's own use ? 



An implement is formed by a human function-rule, which 

 combines the most various sense-qualities into a unity. How 

 can an animal in any way take up an implement as an indica- 

 tion, if the function-rule is not its own but the observer's ? 



To presume the existence of implements in the sensed- 

 world of an animal supposes that the animal has the power 

 to form its own function-rules for what it does. For this, 

 firstly, its own movements must be turned to account as 

 indications, and, secondly, they must be combined by rules 

 into definite actions. Only then may one assume that this 

 rule connects with other indications, and forms the implement. 



If, for instance, we put a ladder in front of a monkey 

 that knows its own movements very well, and whose move- 

 ments have been compacted into actions, and the monkey 

 climbs up the ladder, we may assume that for the monkey 

 the ladder has become an implement for climbing on ; though 

 even so, not a ladder in the human sense, for the climbing 

 of monkeys is quite different from the climbing of men. 

 But if the monkey is confronted with a door-bolt or a door- 

 latch, how can it form this implement at all ? For it knows 

 no concerted actions for door-opening, and so can have no 

 rule for this action. 



But even where there are unified actions, the connection 

 of their function-rules with the indications remains an exceed- 

 ingly difficult problem. The connection seems to be easiest 

 between the function-rules and the medium, which has 

 practically no indications. We can imagine that for a fish 

 water, as what can be swum in, becomes the pure expression 

 of the function-rule ; this rule connects with the indications 



