234 THEORETICAL BIOLOGY 



In principle, it is quite unnecessary that the tools an animal 

 has fashioned should appear as such in its sensed-world. As 

 I explained, an implement appears in the world-as-sensed only 

 when the rule governing the course of the activity in the 

 action-organ affects the mark-organ in some way, and 

 there forms the basis around which the indications arrange 

 themselves. 



In us human beings it is the rule of the use-function that 

 furnishes the basis for forming implements, and not the rule 

 of our own activity in making them. Accordingly, during 

 the formation of the organism, the autonomous rule of function 

 acts through our apperception as the basis for the properties 

 of the creature formed. It is through the rule of function, 

 and not through the rule of genesis, that we judge whether 

 we have a foreign subject before us. In this way are ex- 

 plained the contradictions referred to in the definition of the 

 subject. 



SUMMARY 



Consideration of the function-world of organisms showed 

 that the animal-subject is not to be sought in an ego localised 

 in the brain, but that the subject governs the entire frame- 

 work of the animal body. 



Study of the genesis of animals disclosed, to our surprise, 

 a new rule, which forms the framework. Karl Ernst von 

 Baer, it is true, recognised that in the development of the 

 animal body from the germ onwards, a special natural force 

 must be active ; and this he called " effort towards a goal," 

 because the finished framework always forms the aim of the 

 processes during genesis. 



But it was the pioneer discovery by Mendel that first made 

 it possible to analyse this natural factor. 



As function is bound to definite material organs, so is gene- 

 sis bound to certain material particles in the nucleus of the 



