THE SPECIES 257 



within the organism of the community : among the termites, 

 there are totally blind workers. The analogy here is very 

 striking with the different development of the cells within the 

 framework of an individual creature. We find this familiar 

 process within the organism repeated in the case of the in- 

 dividual cell-subjects, of which the function-circles are some 

 of them suppressed and some of them intensified. 



The unified behaviour of the entire community is con- 

 ditioned, as a rule, by the interlocking of the various voca- 

 tional groups in conformity with plan, without there being 

 demonstrable any unified centre which, notified by its re- 

 ceptors, would set in action now one group of agents and 

 now another. 



Animal communities are constructed, as a rule, purely on y/ 

 the principle of coordination, and not on that of subordination. 



There are, however, certain exceptions : in the bee- 

 community the queen is sometimes described as the leader, 

 for she has not only to look after the production of young, 

 but also has to show the swarming community the direction its 

 flight must take and the place on which the new colony shall 

 settle ; this place, it would seem, is reconnoitred by certain 

 workers, whose vocation, in this case, is that of spies. 



We find this distinction even among individual animals. 

 For instance, I have called sea-urchins " reflex-republics," 

 because, in these animals, many organs, such as spines and 

 pedicellariae, have become independent reflex-persons, whose 

 actions are inter-coordinated, and not subordinated to the 

 central nervous system. 



In the framework of the individual creature, as well ^ 

 as in the inter-adjustment within the community-being, there 

 is a coordinate type of structure as well as a subordinate. 

 Thus the laws of function of the community approximate _ 

 closely to those of the individual creature, whereas the corre- 

 sponding laws of the species are of a different kind. 



R 



