THE LOGICAL STRUCTURE OF SCIENCE 55 



type of awareness is required in the movement of scientific 

 discovery where events are identified by means of symbols, 

 and in the movement of scientific verification where symbols 

 are verified by means of events. In fact awareness of this 

 kind may always occur in conjunction with acquaint- 

 ance; there probably is no such thing as a bare awareness 

 of an event without some awareness of a symbol which 

 is applicable to it. Intuitions without concepts are 

 blind, concepts without intuitions are empty. What is 

 also required is an activity of perception in which the 

 applicability of the concepts to the intuitions may be 

 ascertained. 



With these three aspects of knowledge clearly indicated, 

 one can see what is meant by saying that knowledge is the 

 awareness of events. It is a composite awareness which 

 includes acquaintance with a realm of events, awareness 

 of a system of symbols referring to a realm of events, and 

 awareness that the realm of events referred to by the system 

 of symbols is precisely that given in direct awareness. This, 

 of course, represents knowledge in its ideal form. Actual 

 knowledge falls short of this to greater or lesser degrees. No 

 scientist is acquainted with the entire realm of events ; he is 

 obliged to make selections from it on the basis of the readi- 

 ness with which the events are given for examination, and, 

 as a consequence, his knowledge is only partial. No scientist 

 has devised a system of symbols which is adequate either 

 from the point of view of its internal organization or with 

 regard to its scope. No scientist is ever satisfied with the 

 directness in the reference of his symbolic scheme to the 

 realm of events; it is usually an idealization or schematiza- 

 tion which must be made more and more adequate by suc- 

 cessive approximations. Hence actual science fails in any 

 or all of these aspects of knowledge, and to this extent is 

 relatively inadequate. But the presumption is that by the 

 proper application of the techniques of knowing it may be 

 made progressively better. This fact necessitates a con- 

 sideration of the knowing activity. 



