THE CLASSIFICATION OF THE SCIENCES 413 



applied science. Each of these constitutes a class of disci- 

 plines within which there is gradation by speciality. Fur- 

 thermore, the gradations in the four fields parallel one 

 another, with certain minor exceptions. Thus the scheme 

 of the intellectual disciplines is two-dimensional, the vertical 

 dimension representing progressive specialization as one 

 passes from the top of the column to the bottom, and the 

 horizontal dimension representing parallel philosophies, sci- 

 ences, histories, and applied sciences, as one passes from the 

 left to the right. 



The four main divisions are described as follows: "Sci- 

 ence is verified and organized knowledge, rationally and 

 methodically proceeding from empirical and experimental 

 data, simple concepts, and perceptual relations to generali- 

 zations, theories, laws, principles, and explications, and to 

 more comprehensive conceptions and conceptual systems." l 

 "Abstract conceptions that by rational processes are reared 

 too remote from empirical bases, with regard rather to ethi- 

 cal, religious, and esthetic implications, Science assigns to 

 Philosophy. . . . True philosophy, however, as a super- 

 structure resting on the foundations of common knowledge 

 and science, proceeds to more abstract conceptions, more 

 transcendent relations, and more metaphysical implica- 

 tions." 2 "By generalization science is more positively dis- 

 tinguished from history than it is from philosophy. History 

 for the most part deals with concrete, or discrete, objects 

 and individuals, with particular events, parallels, move- 

 ments, tendencies, and developments, as antecedents and 

 consequents, though it also considers the determinative, or 

 causal, relations, or 'forces.'" 3 Finally, as to applied sci- 

 ences, "there are certain fields of study or research that are 

 cultivated more in solving practical, technical, or economic 

 problems, are more concerned in applying known data and 

 principles by means of known methods, or methods readily 

 derived from those known, than they are in discovering 

 new data, relations, and principles. ... It is these sciences 



» Ibid., p. 190. 2 Ibid., p. 193. 3 Ibid., p. 195. 



