HUMAN FREEDOM 425 



chain? As has been seen, the fact that volition is the out- 

 come of earlier events does not destroy the freedom of the in- 

 dividual provided the causal chain is kept entirely in the 

 realm of mind-states. Hence the further demand of the con- 

 cept of freedom is that the volition be nowhere an immediate 

 or indirect effect of a brain-state. There is only a one-way 

 causal action, from mind-state to brain-state, but not in the 

 reverse direction. These two demands of a theory of freedom 

 may be stated as follows: There is no law which asserts that 

 a volitional state is a function of an earlier physical state. 

 There are laws which assert that physical states are functions 

 of earlier volitional states. 



It is not likely that such an analysis of the problem of 

 freedom and determinism is a fruitful one for the ultimate 

 solution of the problem. Recent philosophy and psychology 

 have become convinced of the dangers inherent in the use 

 of the terms 'mind'' and "body," and have attempted to 

 avoid them. Rut the writers whose positions are to be exam- 

 ined in the following pages have used this terminology, and 

 it is for this reason that the words and the dichotomy based 

 upon them have been used. The analysis which is here given 

 may be taken merely as a general matrix to be used for the 

 clarification of certain contemporary views on the problem 

 of human freedom. 



EDDINGTON 



Eddington has been among the boldest of those who draw 

 speculative conclusions outside of the realm of physics upon 

 the basis of indeterminacy revealed in physical phenomena. 

 Eddington's data are of two kinds. On the one hand are 

 those conclusions of physical science to which reference has 

 already been made in Chapter XVI. The realm of physical 

 entities can no longer be looked upon as a strictly deter- 

 ministic scheme since small-scale phenomena, by virtue of 

 the principle of indeterminacy,- are unpredictable as to 

 behavior. "Strict causality is abandoned in the material 

 world. Our ideas of the controlling laws are in process of 



