VINOGRADOV 416 



in various soil-forming processes. He has investigated the 

 association of heavy metals such as vanadium and nickel with 

 bitumen. He has been active in the use of isotopes (sulfur, 

 hydrogen, ox>^gen, carbon, etc.) in geochemistry and has used 

 ox>'gen isotope Ol8 as an indicator of geochemical processes. 

 In photosynthesis, he found that plants liberate oxygen from 

 water and not from carbon dioxide. Also he showed that natural 

 hydroxides of iron, manganese, etc. obtain oxygen from water 

 rather than from the air. In the biogeochemical field, he in- 

 vestigated the changes produced by surroundings in the chemi- 

 cal composition of marine organisms. He found that the ma- 

 jority of chemical elements exist in all the organisms and that 

 elemental chemical composition of a species is its character- 

 istic feature. Vinogradov also developed a theory of biogeo- 

 chemical regions and by his study of areas with deficient and 

 excessive content of chemical elements, he evolved a theoreti- 

 cal basis for ordinary fertilizers and those containing micro- 

 elements. His investigations in biogeochemical regions also 

 explained the effect of the chemical environment on the evo- 

 lution of flora and fauna during different geological ages. In 

 analytical chemistry, Vinogradov developed many methods of 

 separation of numerous stable and unstable chemical elements 

 and introduced instrumental methods of analysis such as po- 

 larography, spectrometry, radiometry, mass spectrometry, 

 x-ray, and luminescence. 



As of 1961, Vinogradov was Director of the Siberian Branch 

 U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences Institute of Geochemistry and of 

 the U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences Institute of Geochemistry and 

 Analytical Chemistry. 

 Bibliography: 



Elementary chemical composition of marine organisms. 

 Works of the Biogeochemical Laboratory at the U.S.S.R. 

 Academy of Sciences, _3, 4, 6, parts 1 to 3. Moscow- 

 Leningrad: 1935-44. 



Biogeochemical regions. Works of the Jubilee Session Dedi- 

 cated to the Centennial Birthday of V. V. Dokuchaev. 

 Moscow-Leningrad: 1949. 



Geochemistry of dispersed elements in the sea water. Us- 

 pekhi Khim. 1944, _13, #1. 



Geochemistry of Dispersed Elements in Soils. Moscow: 

 1957, 2nd edition. 

 Biography: 



Academician Aleksandr Pavlovich Vinogradov (for 60th birth- 

 day). Vestnik Akademii Nauk S.S.S.R., 1956, #2, 97-98. 



