V 



XIV CONTENTS 



Material exchanges 108 



SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 109 



Constraint Ill 



THE REPROBATION OF SCIENCE 113 



Chapter y 



COLLIGATIVE RELATIONS AND SCIENTIFIC LAWS 114 



THE EFFICIENCY OF COLLIGATIVE RELATIONS 115 



The sulfur relation 117 



A COLLIGATWE RELATION: BOTH INVENTION AND DISCOVERY . . 118 



Boyle's law 119 



DENOTATIONS: IF INDIRECT, YET SOLIDLY ESTABLISHED 123 



Galileo's law of free fall 125 



A relation of Euclidean geometry 127 



THE "proof" and ENDURANCE OF COLLIGATIVE RELATIONS .... 127 



The relation of metals 129 



Colligative Relations not Wholly Independent of Theories .... 130 



The Bode-Titus law 132 



CONNOTATIONS AS WELL AS DENOTATIONS 133 



Moseley's law 133 



The Mendelian laws 135 



COLLIGATIVE RELATIONS IN OTHER GUISES 137 



Chapter \/ I 



EMPIRICAL TOOLS AND EMPIRICISM 138 



INSTRUMENTS 138 



The operating protocol 139 



Pointer readings 141 



THE EXTERNAL STANDARD OF REFERENCE 143 



"Things" as standards 145 



Techniques as standards 146 



