CON-EENTS XV 



Colligative relations as standards 147 



PRIMARY AND SECONDARY DENOTATIONS 147 



Calibration 148 



Extrapolation 149 



Observation and Experiment 1^1 



EMPIRICISM AND THE INTERNAL DYNAMICS OF SCIENCE 155 



The Scientific Method 157 



FINDING THE PROBLEM 160 



THE DESIGN AND CONDUCT OF EXPERIMENTS 161 



The choice of variables 162 



The choice of observables 163 



DRAWING CONCLUSIONS FROM EXPERIMENTS 165 



THE POWER OF STATISTICAL METHODS 166 



The limitation of statistical methods 167 



THE MYTH OF METHOD 168 



Chapter \ \\ 



THE PRINCIPLES OF SCIENCE 170 



The Existence of a Real World 172 



The Principle of Intelligibility 172 



FOUR METHODOLOGICAL COROLLARIES 172 



Parsimony 173 



Penury 174 



Clarity 176 



Analogy 178 



CONGRUITY 179 



Simplicity sigillum veri 181 



The Principle of Continuity ^ 183 



CONTINUITY AND EXPLANATION 184 



Energy 185 



Atomism 187 



DISSOLUBILITY AND SUPERPOSITION 189 



Superposition not summation 190 



Superposition and explanation 193 



V 



