XVI CONTENTS 



The Principle of Determinism, and Causality 194 



Causality as heuristic maxim 196 



QUANTUM MECHANICS, DETERMINISM, AND CAUSALITY 199 



The Principle of Corrigible Fallihilitij 203 



LEARNING PRESUPPOSES ERROR 204 



THE MUTUAL CONTROL OF FACTS AND THEORIES 206 



Substantive Principles 208 



Substantive principles as conventions 211 



Chapter VJJ J 



THEORIES AND MODELS 214 



Logic and Mathematics 217 



Abstract formalism and scientific law 221 



INDUCTION 222 



The hypothetico-deductive method 224 



DEDUCTION 226 



Models 230 



Model implicit in formalism 232 



Formalism implicit in model 233 



MODELS AND SEMANTIC RULES 234 



First case: Direct denotations and simple models 234 



Second case: Indirect denotations and simple models 236 



Third case: Indirect denotations and hierarchic models . . . 237 



THE "superfluity" OF THE PHYSICAL MODEL 239 



The positivists' "theory without superfluity" 242 



Heuristic power from "superfluous explanation" 248 



The model taken seriously 250 



Chapter I V 



THE EVOLUTION OF SCIENTIFIC THEORIES 254 



THE CRUCIAL EXPERIMENT 256 



