THE PROSPECTvS OF THE SOCIAL SCIENCES 



ging down the corridors of time, only occasionally, and 

 at long intervals, emerging from the darkness of super- 

 stition and reliance on unseen powers into the light of 

 intelligence and reliance on rational cause and effect. 



Social origins are lost behind the veil of the past, but 

 the general scheme of culture is the same everywhere. 

 There is first some degree of practical knowledge and devel- 

 opment of the industrial arts. Here are included kinds of 

 food, clothing and shelter, tools and techniques, means 

 of transport, rights of property and barter, and forms of 

 personal service. These have primarily to do with the 

 satisfaction of physical needs, especially food and security. 

 There is, secondly, some plan for controlling sex expression 

 and securing the perpetuation of the species. Here are 

 included the sex mores, marriage customs, the family, and 

 the rights and duties of kinship groups in relation to each 

 other. There is, thirdly, language and communication. 

 There is, fourthly, an enormous range of ideas and practices 

 regarding the nature of the world and man's relation 

 thereto. Here are included myth, magic, religion, medical 

 lore and, latterly, scientific knowledge and research. A 

 fifth aspect of culture includes all those manners and cus- 

 toms regulating the private relations of individuals, such 

 as ceremonial forms, private morals, voluntary clubs and 

 associations, play and sports. Sixthly, we may include 

 under ideas and practices regulating the public relations of 

 individuals those ethical rules that are believed essential 

 to group welfare, and all juridical and political customs, 

 forms, agencies, and institutions. There is, seventhly, all 

 expression of aesthetic emotions and interests, such as 

 personal adornment, drawing, painting, sculpture, music, 

 and architecture. And, finally, the arts and traditions of 

 war and diplomacy. These constitute the universal culture 

 complexes. Each and all vary from culture to culture, 

 though all are found in every one. Moreover, they are 



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