BIOLOGY IN HUMAN AFFAIRS 



in proneness to cheat, lie, and deceive as others have found 

 for intelligence; but the possibility must be freely admitted 

 that such correlations may be explained as merely reflecting 

 the moral atmosphere of the home. However, F. A. Woods 

 finds that in the royal families v^hich he studied, moral 

 traits characteristic of a certain stock often appear very 

 persistently among branches of the family that have been 

 entirely separated from each other for a generation or 

 more. There is evidence enough that tendencies to psycho- 

 pathic disorders are transmitted by inheritance. It is 

 probable that important differences in temperament are 

 innately determined, perhaps as correlates of inherited 

 glandular traits. Kretchmer and others have attempted, 

 not entirely without success, to relate certain personality 

 types to types of body-build. Herrington has found reliable, 

 though fairly low, correlations between introversion- 

 extraversion test scores and various chemical reactions 

 of the body; and Rich has found chemical correlates of 

 emotional excitability. No one doubts that the easily 

 recognizable temperamental differences among various 

 breeds of dogs, horses, and other domestic animals are, 

 for the most part, innate. 



When we come to such personality traits as fair-minded- 

 ness, radicalism, conservatism, or mental masculinity and 

 femininity, the nurture factors loom much larger. These 

 traits are the product of a great variety of attitudes and 

 interests which seem to be readily moulded in early life. 

 The study of mental masculinity and femininity, by means 

 of a test specially devised for the purpose, shows (1) that 

 one's rating in this trait bears almost no relation to mas- 

 culinity or femininity of body build; (2) that family resem- 

 blances in the trait are low; and (3) that extreme inversion 

 in the trait can often be accounted for by environmental 

 factors. Omitting from consideration cases of complete or 

 partial hermaphroditism, which are extremely rare, it 



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