48 HERBERT ALBERT RATNER 



on induction . . . whence it is advisable from singulars to pass 

 to universals " {Post. Anal., Bk. II, Ch. 13) . 



In the following section entitled " Of the same matters, 

 according to Aristotle," Harvey elaborates Bk. I, Ch. 1, of the 

 Posterior Analytics, which states that all doctrine and intel- 

 lectual discipline, including the two forms of reasoning, the syl- 

 logistic and the inductive, is acquired from antecedent knowl- 

 edge, none of which is innate. He then uses a passage from 

 Aristotle to explicate this antecedent knowledge, which arises in 

 sense, is retained by memory, and which, when repeated, results 

 in experience, from which in turn is derived the beginnings 

 of art and science. He again quotes a more " elegant " passage 

 of Aristotle to the same effect {Metaphysics, Bk. I, Ch. 1) . 



Harvey goes on to say that "By this Aristotle plainly tells 

 us that no one can truly be entitled prudent or truly knowl- 

 edgeable {scientem vere) , who does not of his own proper ex- 

 perience, i.e., from repeated memory, frequent perception by 

 sense, and diligent observation, know that a thing is so in fact. 

 Without these, indeed, we only imagine or believe, and such 

 knowledge {scientia) is rather to be accounted as belonging to 

 others than to us." Harvey concludes this section with a pas- 

 sage from one of Aristotle's research works: 



That the generation of bees takes place in this Avay appears both 

 from reason and from those things that are seen to occur in their 

 kind. Still all the incidents have not yet been sufficiently examined. 

 And when the investigation shall be complete, then will sense be 

 rather to be trusted than reason; reason, however, will also deserve 

 credit, if the things demonstrated accord with the things that are 

 perceived by sense {Gen. An., Bk. Ill, Ch. 10, 760 b 28-33) . 



EPIGENESIS VS. PREFORMATION 



A textbook in a required biological course in a leading uni- 

 versity in the United States makes reference to the " pre- 

 formationists " of approximately 300 years ago who thought 

 that the " embryo was preformed in miniature in the micro- 

 scopic spermatozoon and had but to unfold as the rosebud 

 into the rose " and to the " ovicists," who " postulated a pre- 



